Degradation on polyacrylamides. Part II. Polyacrylamide gels

Caulfield, Marcus J.; Hao, Xiaojuan; Qiao, Greg G.; Solomon, David H.

doi:10.1016/s0032-3861(03)00330-6

Cited by 45 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The conversion coefficient and the residual monomer concentration were determined by titrimetric method. In this method, bromine reacts with the double bond of residual monomer 19,20 . After complete dissolution in water, the polymers were treated excessively with a bromide-bromate solution and the bromine excess was determined by means of the iodatometry method in presence of sodium thiosulphate solution (1 M).…”

Section: Physico-chemical Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The energies associated with the excitation depend on the absorbed dose of electrons. The interaction results in formation of free radicals formed by dissociation of molecules in the excited state or by interaction of molecular ions [15][16][17][18][19][20] . The free radicals or molecular ions can react by connecting the polymer chains directly or initiating reactions.…”

Section: Reaction Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(Acrylamide-Co-Acrylic Acid) Flocculant Obtained by Electron Beam Irradiation

et al. 2015

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Section: Physico-chemical Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Reaction Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(Acrylamide-Co-Acrylic Acid) Flocculant Obtained by Electron Beam Irradiation

et al. 2015

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“…The strong chemical reactions necessary to extract PAM from soil often change its molecular conformation, undermining the quantification (Sojka et al, 2007). The pathway for PAM degradation has been described when PAM was exposed to 95 o C, fluorescent light and UV radiation (Caulfield et al, 2003;Stahl et al, 2000;Diffy, 1991;Suzuki, 1978;1979). The existing information on degradation rates of PAM in soil and water is insufficient to accurately predict the residence time of the compound in various ecosystems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios can estimate anionic polyacrylamide degradation in soil

2008

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Water-soluble anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) is applied to millions of hectares worldwide as a highly effective erosion-preventing and infiltration-enhancing polymer, when applied at rates of 1 to 2 kg ha − 1 (i.e., 1 to 10 g m − 3 ) in furrow water. PAM degradation has not directly been measured in soil. We tested the ability of stable isotopes of C and N at natural abundance to estimate PAM degradation rates. Values of δ 13 C were related to anionic PAM concentration in a positive curvilinear relationship in a low-C, low-N, Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid (Portneuf series) soil. The other soils with higher organic C or N concentrations did not show significant relationships between PAM concentrations and δ 13 C values. The δ 15 N values were not related to anionic PAM concentration in any of the soils tested. When 2691 active ingredient (ai) kg PAM ha − 1 was applied to the Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid soil, 49% and 74% of the PAM was degraded after 6 and 12 yr respectively. When 5382 kg ai PAM ha − 1 was applied to the Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid soil, 13% was degraded after 6 yr, and 73% of the PAM was degraded after 12 yr. We calculated PAM degradation rate based on δ 13 Cfor the Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid soil to be 9.8% yr − 1 . Further testing using labeled PAM is necessary to estimate degradation rates in higher C soils, and to determine what portion of the C is released from decomposing PAM is emitted to the atmosphere, incorporated into soil organic matter and living microbial biomass.

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“…105 [32] and ca. 95 8C, [33] respectively. These results demonstrate that the photoinduced SWNT complexes are powerful "nanoheaters" in the gel matrix and light-driven nanocarbon composites.…”

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confidence: 98%

Light‐Triggered Thermoelectric Conversion Based on a Carbon Nanotube–Polymer Hybrid Gel

et al. 2009

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Lights? Nanotubes? Action! A hydrogel comprising lysozymes, poly(ethylene glycol), phospholipids, and functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes is employed for light-driven thermoelectric conversion. A photoinduced thermoelectric conversion module based on the hydrogel functions as a novel electric power generator (see image). This concept may find application in various industries, such as robotics and aerospace engineering.

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Degradation on polyacrylamides. Part II. Polyacrylamide gels

Cited by 45 publications

References 5 publications

Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(Acrylamide-Co-Acrylic Acid) Flocculant Obtained by Electron Beam Irradiation

Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(Acrylamide-Co-Acrylic Acid) Flocculant Obtained by Electron Beam Irradiation

Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios can estimate anionic polyacrylamide degradation in soil

Light‐Triggered Thermoelectric Conversion Based on a Carbon Nanotube–Polymer Hybrid Gel

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