Degradation Prevalence Study of Field-Aged Photovoltaic Modules Operating Under Kenyan Climatic Conditions

Abstract

Photovoltaic (PV) modules deployed outdoors can degrade due to exposure to the various elements. This includes exposure to UV light, a range of fluctuating temperatures and humidity and exposure to a range of operating currents and voltages. Different weather conditions have an important influence on degradation rate. Evidence indicates that both degradation and failure mechanisms are location dependent. This paper presents a research investigating the prevalence of various forms of physical degradation experienced by photovoltaic panels which have been in operation in Kenya under various climatic conditions. To study degradation of PV systems, identification and analysis of modules that had been deployed in various locations in Kenya, and which had been in operation for at least the last 2 years was carried out. Imaging instruments were used to study visible signs of weathering and other physical defects. The results indicated that despite the fact that panels are designed to operate in outdoor environment, numerous cases do exist whereby the panels degrade physically, in various ways, and consequently exhibit total failure, diminished performance or just physical manifestation of wear. Apart from manufacturer defects, user ignorance on installation and usage was also proved to contribute to the diminished life span of some panels.

Understanding Photovoltaic Module Degradation: An Overview of Critical Factors, Models, and Reliability Enhancement Methods

“…Strategies like protective coatings, encapsulation enhancements, and cleaning help mitigate degradation and prolong lifespan [51][52][53][54][55][56]. A holistic understanding of interdependent degradation mechanisms is essential for performance improvements [57][58][59][60]. Significant knowledge gaps persist regarding module behavior under varied climate conditions and synergistic effects between different degradation mechanisms [57][58][59][60]…”

“…A holistic understanding of interdependent degradation mechanisms is essential for performance improvements [57][58][59][60]. Significant knowledge gaps persist regarding module behavior under varied climate conditions and synergistic effects between different degradation mechanisms [57][58][59][60]…”

“…Advanced studies can guide improvements in module design, materials selection, manufacturing processes, and maintenance strategies to further enhance efficiency, longevity, and sustainability[51][52][53][54][55][56][61][62][63][64][65]. The findings highlight the need for extensive field testing to capture failure mode frequency, evolution, and performance impacts across diverse locales[57][58][59][60]. By integrating experimental characterization and multiphysics modeling, researchers can refine understanding of mechanisms while identifying key factors to develop targeted prevention and management strategies[26][27][28][29][30][51][52][53][54][55][56].…”

Defects and performance of Si PV modules in the field – an analysis

“…Many modules are assessed visually, and any distinctive feature may be considered a defect. [19][20][21][22][23] Other papers use the term degradation mode, which was defined in Jordan et al 24 as ''any observable alteration to appearance, performance, or safety of a module''. This definition was also used e.g.…”

Desarrollo de soluciones innovadoras para el aseguramiento de la calidad y mitigación de riesgos en módulos fotovoltaicos

“…There is evidence of PV plants installed around the world that report poor performance due to the premature degradation of their modules [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] and even modules that presented failures in the loss of electric current and serious safety risks, including the risk of fire due to defects detected in the junction box on some solar modules. 15 These quality problems in the production of modules have affected both silicon modules and thin-film modules.…”