Degree of Physical Dependence Induced by Secobarbital or Pentobarbital

Fraser, H. F.

doi:10.1001/jama.1958.02990020014002

Cited by 73 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…105 Treatment of seizures related to neuroleptics and antidepressants consists primarily of reducing dosage or changing to an alternative medication with a lower risk of seizures such as haloperidol, risperidone, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or monoamine oxidase inhibitors. 109,110 Short-acting barbiturates (eg, pentobarbital, secobarbital, amobarbital, and butalbital) are most likely to produce seizures between day 1 and day 5 after intake discontinuation; full-blown delirium tremens sometimes follows. 108 Downregulation of GABA receptors is probably the mechanism involved.…”

Section: Medicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Symptomatic Seizures

Beleza

2012

The Neurologist

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Operational diagnostic criteria have been recommended by the International League Against Epilepsy and are based on temporal relationship, severity, and type of insult. Antiepileptic drug prophylaxis is recommended in severe head trauma, preeclampsia, and possibly high-risk subarachnoid or intracranial hemorrhage. It is crucial to rapidly identify all insults possibly involved, treat underlying diseases, revert corrigible factors, and in case of central nervous system involvement, use antiepileptic drugs during the acute period. Risk of epilepsy is increased in patients with neurological insults but not with metabolic disorders. Some refractory epilepsies in adults, mostly epilepsy due to hippocampal sclerosis, are preceded by acute symptomatic seizures related to selected insults occurring at a specific time. Mortality rate is globally increased.

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Section: Medicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Symptomatic Seizures

Beleza

2012

The Neurologist

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“…Withdrawal from 600 mg daily produced minor symptoms in half and a seizure in approximately 10%. Withdrawal from 900 mg daily produced seizures in three quarters of patients and delirium tremens in about one third [ 22 ]. Anxiety and tremor are common following benzodiazepine withdrawal but can be diffi cult to distinguish from the symptoms that led to taking the drug in the fi rst place.…”

Section: Sedatives and Hypnoticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seizures, illicit drugs, and ethanol

Brust

2008

Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep

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Recreational substance users are at risk for seizures by indirect mechanisms, including cerebral trauma, central nervous system infection, ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, and metabolic derangements such as hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, and renal failure. Drugs and ethanol can also cause seizures more directly, either as a feature of intoxication (eg, psychostimulants) or of withdrawal (eg, sedatives, including ethanol). In any patient with a seizure, clinicians should consider illicit drug or ethanol use. Seizures in known alcoholics or illicit drug users require workup to exclude treatable coexisting conditions.

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“…Delirium tremens occur in more than 50% of the patients with seizures, lasting from 1 to several days. Symptoms include disorientation to time and place (but not person), and predominantly visual hallucinations [45]. Death may occur [44].…”

Section: Why Ban Butalbital?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fraser et al [45] studied prisoners who had been addicted to barbiturates. Tolerance and dependence developed rapidly (within 2 to 3 weeks).…”

Section: Why Ban Butalbital?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Should butalbital-containing analgesics be banned? Yes.

Young

Siow

2002

Current Science Inc

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In the United States analgesic-overuse headache is often caused by butalbital-containing analgesics. These agents can cause physical and psychological dependency, and dangerous withdrawal syndromes. Butalbital-containing analgesics have already been banned in several European countries. They are proven effective in tension-type headache, but not in migraine; there are many alternative treatments for migraine and tension-type headache. In the 20 years since analgesic overuse headache was widely recognized, butalbital overuse has remained distressingly common. It is time to ban these agents.

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Degree of Physical Dependence Induced by Secobarbital or Pentobarbital

Cited by 73 publications

References 5 publications

Acute Symptomatic Seizures

Acute Symptomatic Seizures

Seizures, illicit drugs, and ethanol

Should butalbital-containing analgesics be banned? Yes.

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