Deicing properties of sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium chlorides, sodium formate and salt compositions on their basis

Achkeeva, M. V.; Romanyuk, N. V.; Фролова, Е. А.; Kondakov, D. F.; Khomyakov, D. M.; Данилов, В. П.

doi:10.1134/s0040579515040028

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…The ultrastretchable ionic conductive hydrogels with freezing tolerance will expand its applications, especially at subzero temperatures. Significantly, NaCl has been widely used as a deicing agent . Therefore, the antifreezing performance of DCIHs was evaluated for further use (Figure ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, freezing tolerance, a fascinating characteristic, is a necessary property of stretchable and conductive devices for service at subzero temperatures. Unfortunately, water-based hydrogels inevitably lose their desirable properties at this temperature, which severely limits the practical applications. − Significantly, the lower-cost and nontoxic salt has been widely used for road management in winter . Furthermore, the tough polyacrylamide-chitosan composed hydrogel that the chain entanglement network of chitosan was formed by soaking in saline solutions had been reported .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…29−31 Significantly, the lower-cost and nontoxic salt has been widely used for road management in winter. 32 Furthermore, the tough polyacrylamide-chitosan composed hydrogel that the chain entanglement network of chitosan was formed by soaking in saline solutions had been reported. 18 However, only a few reports have focused on the effects of salt on hydrogel's mechanical properties and freezing tolerance, which can broaden its application under a broad range of temperature.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultrastretchable and Antifreezing Double-Cross-Linked Cellulose Ionic Hydrogels with High Strain Sensitivity under a Broad Range of Temperature

Tong

Chen

Pan

et al. 2019

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

115

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Stretchable and antifreezing conductive hydrogels, especially prepared from natural polymers, are beneficial for important and rapidly growing stretchable electronic devices. Unfortunately, the potential value of the pure natural polymer-based hydrogel in such applications is very limited because of its poor mechanical behavior and inevitable freeze of water-based hydrogels at subzero temperatures. Herein, we report the ultrastretchable and antifreezing double-cross-linked cellulose ionic hydrogels (DCIHs) prepared by ammonium persulfate initiating free radical polymerization of allyl cellulose and by NaCl inducing physical cross-linking. The acquired hydrogels display ultrastretchability (∼236% of tensile strain) and high compressibility (∼82% of compression strain) among pure polysaccharide-based hydrogels including cellulose, chitosan, and chitin. Simultaneously the soaking strategy in saturated NaCl solution also endows the DCIHs with excellent antifreezing properties that not only have good stretchability (strain up to ∼100%) at −24 °C but also surprisingly transform into high visual transparency under a wide range of low temperature (−30 to −16 °C). In addition, the DCIH with high reliability, response speed, as well as wide range strain sensor is also demonstrated by investigating the output electrical signals, showing the potential for applications in flexible electronics under a broad range of temperature.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultrastretchable and Antifreezing Double-Cross-Linked Cellulose Ionic Hydrogels with High Strain Sensitivity under a Broad Range of Temperature

Tong

Chen

Pan

et al. 2019

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

115

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“…The observation that the penetration rate was strongly dependent on temperature (Figure 6 b ) can be explained by the fact that sodium formate has a rather high eutectic temperature of −16°C (22). The eutectic point is the lowest possible freezing point one can get with the deicer, since it requires that the solution is saturated with the deicing chemical.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Temperature and Prewetting for Ice Penetration with Sodium Formate

Trzaskos

Klein-Paste

2020

Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation R

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Granular sodium formate (NaCOOH) is a popular deicer used at airports. It is mainly used to weaken compacted snow/ice and thereby facilitate mechanical ice removal. Earlier research has developed a set of methods quantifying deicer performance, but linking these test results to operational guidelines is difficult. The main objective of this study is to increase the knowledge of how temperature and prewetting affect the ice penetration performance of granular sodium formate. A new method to evaluate the development of ice penetration process is presented here. Ice penetration tests were performed with single grains on large, optically clear ice cubes, and digital image analysis is used to quantify the initial waiting time, penetration rate and –depth, and melted volume. Eighteen tests including dry and prewetted sodium formate grains were performed at three different temperatures (–2°C, −5°C, and −10°C). Prewetting reduced the initial waiting time (the time it takes before the particles started to penetrate) by a few minutes at −10°C, but at higher temperatures, this reduction was insignificant. The particles penetrated the ice at a constant rate. At −10°C, the particles penetrated at 10–15 mm/hour, while at −2°C this speed is about five times higher. Prewetting does not seem to have a clear beneficial effect on the penetration rate. Suggestions are given on how to capture the results from this study into operational guidelines for deicing operations at airports, using sodium formate as deicer.

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“…For example, calcium chloride is the major ingredient of construction and building materials 26 and deicing agents. 27 In polymer science, calcium chloride affects electrodialysis 28 and functions of microencapsulation materials. 29 Besides applications in industry, calcium ions play crucial roles in human physiological signaling, 30 including neurotransmitter release 31 and muscle contraction 32 and in activation of enzymes and hormones.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular dynamics simulation, ab initio calculation, and size-selected anion photoelectron spectroscopy study of initial hydration processes of calcium chloride

Feng

Yang

et al. 2018

The Journal of Chemical Physics

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To understand the initial hydration processes of CaCl, we performed molecular simulations employing the force field based on the theory of electronic continuum correction with rescaling. Integrated tempering sampling molecular dynamics were combined with ab initio calculations to overcome the sampling challenge in cluster structure search and refinement. The calculated vertical detachment energies of CaCl(HO) (n = 0-8) were compared with the values obtained from photoelectron spectra, and consistency was found between the experiment and computation. Separation of the Cl-Ca ion pair is investigated in CaCl(HO) anions, where the first Ca-Cl ionic bond required 4 water molecules, and both Ca-Cl bonds are broken when the number of water molecules is larger than 7. For neutral CaCl(HO) clusters, breaking of the first Ca-Cl bond starts at n = 5, and 8 water molecules are not enough to separate the two ion pairs. Comparing with the observations on magnesium chloride, it shows that separating one ion pair in CaCl(HO) requires fewer water molecules than those for MgCl(HO). Coincidentally, the solubility of calcium chloride is higher than that of magnesium chloride in bulk solutions.

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Deicing properties of sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium chlorides, sodium formate and salt compositions on their basis

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Ultrastretchable and Antifreezing Double-Cross-Linked Cellulose Ionic Hydrogels with High Strain Sensitivity under a Broad Range of Temperature

Ultrastretchable and Antifreezing Double-Cross-Linked Cellulose Ionic Hydrogels with High Strain Sensitivity under a Broad Range of Temperature

Effect of Temperature and Prewetting for Ice Penetration with Sodium Formate

Molecular dynamics simulation, ab initio calculation, and size-selected anion photoelectron spectroscopy study of initial hydration processes of calcium chloride

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