Deimination in epidermal barrier and hair formation

Abstract

Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) transform a protein arginine residue into the non-standard amino acid citrulline. This calcium-dependent post-translational modification of proteins is called citrullination or deimination. As described in this special issue, PADs play a role in various physiological processes, and PAD deregulations are involved in many human diseases. Three PADs are expressed in the epidermis, where their roles begin to be deciphered. PAD1 and PAD3 are involved in keratinocyte differentiation, particularly in the epidermal barrier function, keratins, filaggrin and filaggrin-related proteins being the most abundant deiminated epidermal proteins. Reduced amounts of deiminated proteins and PAD1 expression may be involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, two very frequent and chronic skin inflammatory diseases. The trichohyalin/PAD3/transglutaminase three pathway is important for hair shaft formation. Mutations of the PADI3 gene, leading to a decreased activity or abnormal localization of the corresponding isotype, are the cause of a rare hair disorder called uncombable hair syndrome, and are associated with the central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia, a frequent alopecia mainly affecting women of African ancestry. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘The virtues and vices of protein citrullination’.

DNA Microarray and Bioinformatic Analysis Reveals the Potential of Whale Oil in Enhancing Hair Growth in a C57BL/6 Mice Model

“…Padi3 (peptidylarginine deiminase type III): Padi3 is essential for hair follicle formation, and mutations in the Padi3 gene are the cause of a rare hair disorder called uncombed hair syndrome, which is associated with centrifugal scarring alopecia of the scalp, a more frequent condition affecting mainly African women [19].…”

DNA Microarray and Bioinformatic Analysis Reveals the Potential of Whale Oil in Enhancing Hair Growth in a C57BL/6 Mice Dorsal Skin Model

“…Padi3 (Peptidylarginine deiminase type III): Padi3 is essential for hair follicle formation, and mutations in the Padi3 gene are the cause of a rare hair disorder called uncombed hair syndrome, which is associated with centrifugal scarring alopecia of the scalp, a more frequent condition affecting mainly African women [26].…”

Citrullination: new tricks for an old mod

“…Beginning with the two oldest known tissues to harbour citrullination, the skin and the brain, we have a comprehensive review of roles of PADIs in skin physiology and inflammatory disease by Méchin & Simon [ 4 ], while Genander and colleagues add a new perspective on Padi gene regulation, with the report of new Padi2 and Padi3 isoforms in fair follicle and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, respectively (Patil et al [ 5 ]). This study reports that in contrast to the known function of canonical PADI2 [ 6 ] , the newly identified PADI2b inhibits oligodendrocyte differentiation.…”