Delay in presentation, an indicator for nerve function status at registration and for treatment outcome—the experience of the Bangladesh Acute Nerve Damage Study cohort

Nicholls, P.G.; Croft, Rosemary A.; Richardus, Jan Hendrik; Withington, S.G.; Smith, W. Cairns S.

doi:10.47276/lr.74.4.349

Cited by 47 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…Nineteen studies were observational studies with quantitative analysis [ 13 – 31 ]. Fourteen of these were cross-sectional studies [ 15 – 21 , 24 , 25 , 27 – 31 ], one was a case-control study [ 13 ], two had a longitudinal cohort design [ 14 , 26 ] and two had retrospective analysis [ 22 , 23 ]. Six studies used mixed-methods analysis [ 32 – 37 ], and two used qualitative analysis [ 38 , 39 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Six studies used mixed-methods analysis [ 32 – 37 ], and two used qualitative analysis [ 38 , 39 ]. Almost two-thirds of the studies (n = 17, 63%) collected data through interviews [ 13 , 15 , 16 , 21 , 23 – 25 , 28 , 30 , 32 – 39 ]; while nine studies assessed delayed case detection by reviewing medical records [ 14 , 17 – 19 , 22 , 26 , 29 , 31 ]; and one assessed delayed case detection through a self-administered questionnaire [ 27 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Individual and community factors determining delayed leprosy case detection: A systematic review

et al. 2021

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Background The number of new leprosy cases is declining globally, but the disability caused by leprosy remains an important disease burden. The chance of disability is increased by delayed case detection. This review focusses on the individual and community determinants of delayed leprosy case detection. Methods This study was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis). The study protocol is registered in PROSPERO (code: CRD42020189274). To identify determinants of delayed detection, data was collected from five electronic databases: Embase.com, Medline All Ovid, Web of Science, Cochrane CENTRAL, and the WHO Global Health Library. Results We included 27 papers from 4315 records assessed. They originated in twelve countries, had been published between January 1, 2000, and January 31, 2021, and described the factors related to delayed leprosy case detection, the duration of the delayed case, and the percentage of Grade 2 Disability (G2D). The median delay in detection ranged from 12 to 36 months, the mean delay ranged from 11.5 to 64.1 months, and the percentage of G2D ranged from 5.6 to 43.2%. Health-service-seeking behavior was the most common factor associated with delayed detection. The most common individual factors were older age, being male, having a lower disease-symptom perception, having multibacillary leprosy, and lack of knowledge. The most common socioeconomic factors were living in a rural area, performing agricultural labor, and being unemployed. Stigma was the most common social and community factor. Conclusions Delayed leprosy case detection is clearly correlated with increased disability and should therefore be a priority of leprosy programs. Interventions should focus on determinants of delayed case detection such as health-service-seeking behavior, and should consider relevant individual, socioeconomic, and community factors, including stigmatization. Further study is required of the health service-related factors contributing to delay.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual and community factors determining delayed leprosy case detection: A systematic review

et al. 2021

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“…The relapse rate decreases from 0.015 to 0.001 per year. [27] , [28] From 1990 onwards, household members of newly detected patients are examined. Vaccination with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is protective against leprosy with a protective effect of 60%.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different Mechanisms for Heterogeneity in Leprosy Susceptibility Can Explain Disease Clustering within Households

et al. 2010

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The epidemiology of leprosy is characterized by heterogeneity in susceptibility and clustering of disease within households. We aim to assess the extent to which different mechanisms for heterogeneity in leprosy susceptibility can explain household clustering as observed in a large study among contacts of leprosy patients.We used a microsimulation model, parameterizing it with data from over 20,000 contacts of leprosy patients in Bangladesh. We simulated six mechanisms producing heterogeneity in susceptibility: (1) susceptibility was allocated at random to persons (i.e. no additional mechanism), (2) a household factor, (3, 4) a genetic factor (dominant or recessive), or (5, 6) half a household factor and half genetic. We further assumed that a fraction of 5%, 10%, and 20% of the population was susceptible, leading to a total of 18 scenarios to be fitted to the data. We obtained an acceptable fit for each of the six mechanisms, thereby excluding none of the possible underlying mechanisms for heterogeneity of susceptibility to leprosy. However, the distribution of leprosy among contacts did differ between mechanisms, and predicted trends in the declining leprosy case detection were dependent on the assumed mechanism, with genetic-based susceptibility showing the slowest decline. Clustering of leprosy within households is partially caused by an increased transmission within households independent of the leprosy susceptibility mechanism. Even a large and detailed data set on contacts of leprosy patients could not unequivocally reveal the mechanism most likely responsible for heterogeneity in leprosy susceptibility.

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“…These impairments can worsen over time if they are not recognised and the necessary interventions taken (Darlong et al, 2017). Early detection and treatment of nerve function impairment would prevent the occurrence of disability (Nicholls et al, 2003;Van Veen et al, 2006;Van Brakel and Officer, 2008;Ramasamy et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activity Limitation of People Affected by Leprosy in an Endemic District in West Bengal, India

Govindharaj

Srinivasan

Darlong³

2020

DCID

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Purpose: This study aimed to assess the level of activity limitation, and the factors associated with it, among people affected by leprosy who were reporting at a leprosy referral centre of Purulia, in West Bengal state, India. Method:A cross-sectional study was conducted among 358 individuals affected by leprosy. Persons recruited for this study were above 18 years of age, married, and had been diagnosed with leprosy for at least 1 year at the time of the interview. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to gather information about the respondents' socio-economic and disease status. The Screening of Activity Limitation and Safety Awareness (SALSA) Scale was used to measure activity limitation.Results: Of the 358 respondents, 59% were male, 60% were between 18 and 45 years of age, and 42% were illiterate. About 144 or 40% of the respondents had Grade 2 disability and 60% had disease duration of more than 3 years. There were 229 individuals (64%) who had no limitation in activities, 103 (29%) had mild limitation and 26 (7%) had moderate to severe limitation in activities. There is a significant association between gender, age, occupation, physical disability and disease duration with activity limitation. Conclusion:It appears that limitations in activities among persons affected by leprosy are associated with being a woman, a housewife, an aged person, and with longer disease duration. The physical disability was intrinsically associated with limitation in activities.

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Delay in presentation, an indicator for nerve function status at registration and for treatment outcome—the experience of the Bangladesh Acute Nerve Damage Study cohort

Cited by 47 publications

References 0 publications

Individual and community factors determining delayed leprosy case detection: A systematic review

Individual and community factors determining delayed leprosy case detection: A systematic review

Different Mechanisms for Heterogeneity in Leprosy Susceptibility Can Explain Disease Clustering within Households

Activity Limitation of People Affected by Leprosy in an Endemic District in West Bengal, India

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