Delay in Rigor Mortis of Red Sea-bream by Spinal Cord Destruction

Nakayama, Teruo; Toyoda, T.; Ooi, Atsushi

doi:10.2331/fishsci.62.478

Cited by 31 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Spiking is a killing method based on the insertion of a spike into the brain either manually or using specially developed equipment, causing irreversible brain damage. It uses equipment similar to the captive bolt in land animals and induces immediate loss of movement and consciousness in sea bream, salmons and eel (Nakayama et al, 1996;Robb et al, 2000;Van de Vis et al, 2003). It is more difficult to apply than percussive stunning as it requires a technical control of the gesture.…”

Section: Farmed Fishmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pre-slaughter conditions, animal stress and welfare: current status and possible future research

Terlouw

Arnould

Aupérin³

et al. 2008

Animal

169

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The present paper describes the main procedures used to slaughter fowl, pigs, calves and adult cattle, sheep, and farmed fish, starting on the farm and ending with the death of the animal at the abattoir. It reviews the currently known causes of stress, indicated by behavioural and physiological measurements on the animal level, and by post-mortem muscle metabolism. During the pre-slaughter period, psychological stress is due to changes of environment, social disturbances and handling, and physical stress is due to food deprivation, climatic conditions, fatigue, and sometimes pain. The exact causes of stress depend, however, on the characteristics of each species, including the rearing system. For fowl, bird catching and crating, duration and climatic conditions of transport and of lairage and shackling are the main known pre-slaughter stress factors. For pigs, stress is caused by fighting during mixing of pens, loading and unloading conditions, and introduction in the restrainer. Handling and novelty of the situation contribute to the stress reactions. For veal calves and adult cattle, disruption of the social group, handling, loading and sometimes unloading conditions, fatigue, novelty of the situation and for calves mixing with unfamiliar animals are known stress factors. Gathering and yarding of extensively reared lambs and sheep causes stress, particularly when shepherd dogs are used. Subsequent transport may induce fatigue, especially if sheep are commercialised through auctions or markets. In farmed fish, stress is predominantly related to environmental aspects such as temperature, oxygen, cleanliness of the water and, to a certain extent, stocking density and removal of the fish from the water. If transport and lairage conditions are good and their durations not too long, they may allow pigs, calves and adult cattle, sheep, and fish to rest. For certain species, it was shown that genetic origin and earlier experience influence reactions to the slaughter procedure. Stunning techniques used depend on the species. Pigs and fowl are mostly electrically or gas-stunned, while most adult cattle are stunned with a captive bolt pistol. Calves and sheep may be electrically stunned or with a captive bolt pistol. Various stunning methods exist for the different farmed fish species. Potential causes of stress associated with the different stunning procedures are discussed. The paper addresses further consequences for meat quality and possible itineraries for future research. For all species, and most urgently for fish, more knowledge is needed on stunning and killing techniques, including gas-stunning techniques, to protect welfare.

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Section: Farmed Fishmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pre-slaughter conditions, animal stress and welfare: current status and possible future research

Terlouw

Arnould

Aupérin³

et al. 2008

Animal

169

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“…In regard to the rigor mortis in fish, it has been clarified that the progression is different among fish species,8-10) be tween wild and cultured fish of the same species,10,11) among the storage temperatures, 8,9,11,12) among killing procedures , [13][14][15][16] and tension of muscle in lingcod Ophio don elongatus were about three times greater in red muscle than in white muscle. However, the influence of muscle fiber type on the progression of rigor mortis, especially by presence and absence of pink muscle fiber in ordinary mus cle has not been examined thoroughly yet.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Pink Muscle Fiber in Ordinary Muscle of Fishes on the Rigor Mortis Progress

et al. 1999

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“…The breaking strength of black rockfish muscle was highest under the most stressful condition (i.e., immersion in cold saturated salt solution for 15 min) (Cho et al, 2003). However, the fish were under stress not only from the salinity but also the low temperature; this could also induce strong muscle contraction (Cho et al, 2003;Nakayama et al, 1996). Under stress, fish muscle generates strong contractile tension and enters the rigor state (Nakayama et al, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the fish were under stress not only from the salinity but also the low temperature; this could also induce strong muscle contraction (Cho et al, 2003;Nakayama et al, 1996). Under stress, fish muscle generates strong contractile tension and enters the rigor state (Nakayama et al, 1996). When a fish dies while struggling, rigor mortis, ATP breakdown and lactate accumulation occur rapidly in the muscle (Roth et al, 2002;Iwamoto et al, 1990).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The texture of the fish muscle is considered tough in the rigor state and is affected by various handling conditions (Ando et al, 1999;Nakayama et al, 1992;Abe and Okuma, 1991;Hwang et al, 1991;Iwamoto et al, 1987;Nazir et al, 1963). However, delaying rigor development during storage by spinal cord destruction and air pressure treatment has been investigated in Japan (Nagai et al, 2002;Nakayama et al, 1996). Rigor mortis in fish occurs within a few hours after death as the first post-mortem change.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Shim¹,

Cho²

2014

Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

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In the present study we investigated the physicochemical changes in black rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) muscle subjected to immersion in a cold saturated salt solution and determined the optimal immersion conditions. Fish were sacrificed instantly by a spike to the head and immersed in cold saturated salt solution under various conditions. The onset of rigor mortis was accelerated by a decrease in immersion temperature and an increase in immersion time. Additionally, the time to reach full rigor was significantly shorter. However, the rigor index of samples of fish immersed in the cold saturated salt solution was decreased more than in samples of fish immediately after death. The breaking strength of the samples immersed in the cold brine solution increased slowly but did not increase under every set of conditions. The breaking strength of all samples immersed in the cold saturated salt solution decreased significantly after reaching the maximum value following immersion at -12.5C for 5 min. The ATP content was lowest under the aforementioned conditions (-12.5C and 5 min) and then increased. The lactate levels also increased under the optimal conditions and then decreased, in contrast to the ATP content. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the sarcoplasmic reticulum used in the treatment of black rockfish had natural triad structures between the Z lines, which were disrupted in samples immersed in the cold saturated salt solution.

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Delay in Rigor Mortis of Red Sea-bream by Spinal Cord Destruction

Cited by 31 publications

References 10 publications

Pre-slaughter conditions, animal stress and welfare: current status and possible future research

Pre-slaughter conditions, animal stress and welfare: current status and possible future research

The Influence of Pink Muscle Fiber in Ordinary Muscle of Fishes on the Rigor Mortis Progress

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