Delay of Reinforcement Effects without Goal-Box Confinement

Calef, Richard S.; Haupt, Alison L.; Choban, Michael C.; Sharpe, Jamie; Stover, J.A.; Geller, E. Scott

doi:10.2466/pr0.1994.75.1.451

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 5 publications

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“…These preceding expectancies compel restraints on adaptive learning, especially when reinforcement events (positive outcomes or consequences) are deferred in the presence of responses or cues that signal such consequences (Bolles, 1972, p. 405). Furthermore, studies confirm that dimensions of behavior other than rate of learning are dependent on this temporal effect, including shorter response latencies following acquisition trials in rats given immediate (versus delayed) reinforcement (e.g., Calef, Haupt, & Choban, 1994).…”

Section: Empirical Studies Of Consequences Conflictsmentioning

confidence: 79%

Processes of Clinical Change and Resistance

Alford¹,

Lantka

2000

Behav Modif

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Evidence from both experimental laboratory studies and clinical observation supports the behavioral principle that immediate (compared with delayed) consequences are most influential in shaping future actions. This presents the theoretical possibility of conflicts of consequences (e.g., short-term positive vs. long-term negative). As one example, resistance to completing therapeutic homework assignments that instruct clients to approach feared situations may result in short-term positive outcomes, such as freedom from negative emotional experience (emotional avoidance), but is dysfunctional over time. Thus, temporal conflicts of consequences is one theoretic source of resistance in clinical treatment. In this article, the authors articulate how the activation of the metacognitive level theoretically mediates conflicts between short-term (immediate) and long-term (delayed) consequences, thereby facilitating therapeutic change and reducing resistance. This synthesis unifies principles of behaviorism and contemporary clinical cognitive theory.

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Section: Empirical Studies Of Consequences Conflictsmentioning

confidence: 79%

Processes of Clinical Change and Resistance

Alford¹,

Lantka

2000

Behav Modif

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Individuals, Institutions, and Inflation: Conceptual Complexity, Central Bank Independence, and the Asian Crisis

Thies

2004

Int Studies Q

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Previous research has demonstrated that greater levels of legal central bank independence produce favorable macroeconomic outcomes in the developed countries. This article expands the literature's focus on institutions to include a measure of conceptual complexity designed to capture individual‐level variations in the cognitive style of central bankers themselves. I argue that the interaction of the cognitive style of central bankers with their respective institutional environments provides a more comprehensive account of the variation in achieving price stability across countries than the institutional measure alone. This hypothesis is tested in the context of the Asian Crisis as its effects diffused to the developed world between 1997 and 1999. The analysis demonstrates that different types of individuals working within different types of institutions achieved different levels of success in attaining price stability during the Asian Crisis. The most successful outcomes were achieved by conceptually complex central bankers working within legally independent central banks. The findings suggest that more research is needed concerning the individual level of analysis in the study of international political economy.

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Effects of Delay of Reinforcement with Reduction of Confinement in the Goal-Box and Elimination of Handling Immediately following Runway Traversal

et al. 1995

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24 male rats were randomly assigned into one of three groups. The first group was immediately reinforced with food pellets upon entering a wide goal-box area after running down a straight alley. The second group was reinforced with food pellets 10 sec. after they placed their noses above the goal cup. A third group was reinforced 30 sec. after they placed their noses above the goal cup. All animals were given a total of 72 trials (four trials per day). The results indicated that rats given immediate reinforcement ran faster than those with a 10-sec. delay which were faster than those with a 30-sec. delay. These findings suggest that the results of the previous studies were due to delay of reinforcement effects and not confinement in the goal-box or handling following a run.

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Delay of Reinforcement Effects without Goal-Box Confinement

Cited by 3 publications

References 5 publications

Processes of Clinical Change and Resistance

Processes of Clinical Change and Resistance

Individuals, Institutions, and Inflation: Conceptual Complexity, Central Bank Independence, and the Asian Crisis

Effects of Delay of Reinforcement with Reduction of Confinement in the Goal-Box and Elimination of Handling Immediately following Runway Traversal

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