Delayed‐onset inflammatory polyneuropathy without graft versus host disease after bone marrow transplantation

Stem Cell Therapy in Neuroimmunological Diseases and Its Potential Neuroimmunological Complications

“…In several case reports and a retrospective case–control study, 75 patients with immune-mediated neuropathies after stem-cell transplantation were described [ 23 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 141 , 142 , 143 , 144 , 145 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 150 , 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 158 , 159 ]. The diagnostic criteria of CIDP were met in 19 of the patients, whereas 12 patients were diagnosed with GBS [ 23 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 141 , 142 , 143 , 144 , 145 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 150 , 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 158 , 159 ]. The other patients did not meet the diagnostic criteria for either CIDP or GBS and were, therefore, classified as immune-mediated polyneuropathies […”

“…The diagnostic criteria of CIDP were met in 19 of the patients, whereas 12 patients were diagnosed with GBS [ 23 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 141 , 142 , 143 , 144 , 145 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 150 , 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 158 , 159 ]. The other patients did not meet the diagnostic criteria for either CIDP or GBS and were, therefore, classified as immune-mediated polyneuropathies [ 23 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 141 , 142 , 143 , 144 , 145 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 150 , 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 158 , 159 ].…”

“…In some of these cases, immune-mediated polyneuropathy occurred simultaneously with acute or chronic graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) affecting other organ systems; thus, a clear differentiation between both disease entities was not possible [ 23 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 141 , 142 , 143 , 144 , 145 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 150 , 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 158 , 159 ]. The authors described these cases as GvHD with peripheral nervous system involvement or autoimmune-mediated polyneuropathy in GvHD [ 23 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 141 , 142 , 143 , 144 , 145 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 150 , 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 158 , 159 ].…”

“…In 20 articles including 70 patients, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells were transplanted to treat mostly malignant hematological diseases (multiple myeloma, different leukemias, and myelodysplastic syndrome) [ 23 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 141 , 142 , 143 , 144 , 145 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 150 , 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 ]. Furthermore, three out of 70 patients received allogeneic HSCT for the treatment of aplastic anemia, while one out of 70 patients received it for osteopetrosis [ 136 , 139 , 142 ].…”

“…Treatment with different immunosuppressive therapies (corticosteroids, azathioprine, cyclosporine, MMF, IVIG, plasmapheresis, sirolimus, tacrolimus, rituximab, vincristine, and cyclophosphamide) resulted in complete or partial recovery or control of disease in almost all patients [ 32 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 141 , 142 , 143 , 144 , 145 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 150 , 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 158 , 159 ]. In two of the reported 75 patients with immune-mediated polyneuropathies following allogeneic HSCT for leukemia, the outcome was fatal [ 143 , 148 ].…”