“…As for the ethnicity of the patients, 12 studies included Caucasian patients [15,16,18,[20][21][22]24,28,29,[32][33][34], 7 included Asians [17,19,23,25,26,30,31], and the remaining 2 included patients with mixed ethnicity [14,27]. Most of the studies included patients with hospitalized patients with cirrhosis without serious clinical complications [14][15][16][17][18][20][21][22][23][24][28][29][30]32,34], while six studies included cirrhotic patients with SBP [19,26], HE [25], Clostridium difficile infection [27], pneumonia [31], and after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt [33], respectively. The mean ages of the patients varied from 53 to 63 years, and the proportions of male patients varied from 53% to 77%.…”