“…The fifth and last unit (at the top) of Qurn Formation is made up of limestone. The Middle Eocene Observatory Formation is distinguished by extensively broken limestone and caverns [25,30,31].…”
The complex geology of Tourah area, south Cairo is a serious challenge for groundwater exploration, where the risk of unsuccessful groundwater drilling excavation for industrial purposes is well dressed, raising the need for better geophysical subsurface detection and characterization approaches in terms of water bearing and aquitard zones. Datasets from the study area were acquired using integrated geophysical techniques comprising of one Dimensional Vertical Electrical Soundings (1D VES) and one Dimensional Transient Electromagnetic (1D TEM) as well as two-Dimensional Electrical Imaging (2D ERI) which was restricted to the available spreading space as well as subsurface infrastructure noise. The results of 1D VES and 1D TEM soundings detected three to five geoelectric layers used to generate geoelectrical cross sections and maps of resistivity, thickness, and depth to water bearing zone. Moreover, the 2D ERI inversion profiles were able to image the first three layers and the depth of the water bearing zone [A] with significantly greater resolution due to their higher lateral and vertical resolutions compared to the traditional 1D VES and TEM interpolated cross section. The integration of the three geophysical methods displayed a smooth distribution of both marly limestone and fractured shaly limestone and claystone bands water bearing zones [A and B]. Resistivity values of the water bearing zone [A] ranges from 0.1 to 24 Ω m, with average thickness of 4 to 12 m, and depth to water of 1.5 to 13.6 m. In addition, [zone B] is the main water bearing zone of fractured shaly limestone and claystone bands (2 to 14 Ω m) which is detected at deep depth of 40 and 75 m. Two normal fault systems inferred from 1D interpretation are considered responsible for local recharging of the main Eocene aquifer over the study area. In conclusion, the outlined water bearing thickness as well as limited sources of groundwater recharge indicate that these water bearing zones may not provide a sustainable supply for the industrial development purposes in the future.
“…The fifth and last unit (at the top) of Qurn Formation is made up of limestone. The Middle Eocene Observatory Formation is distinguished by extensively broken limestone and caverns [25,30,31].…”
The complex geology of Tourah area, south Cairo is a serious challenge for groundwater exploration, where the risk of unsuccessful groundwater drilling excavation for industrial purposes is well dressed, raising the need for better geophysical subsurface detection and characterization approaches in terms of water bearing and aquitard zones. Datasets from the study area were acquired using integrated geophysical techniques comprising of one Dimensional Vertical Electrical Soundings (1D VES) and one Dimensional Transient Electromagnetic (1D TEM) as well as two-Dimensional Electrical Imaging (2D ERI) which was restricted to the available spreading space as well as subsurface infrastructure noise. The results of 1D VES and 1D TEM soundings detected three to five geoelectric layers used to generate geoelectrical cross sections and maps of resistivity, thickness, and depth to water bearing zone. Moreover, the 2D ERI inversion profiles were able to image the first three layers and the depth of the water bearing zone [A] with significantly greater resolution due to their higher lateral and vertical resolutions compared to the traditional 1D VES and TEM interpolated cross section. The integration of the three geophysical methods displayed a smooth distribution of both marly limestone and fractured shaly limestone and claystone bands water bearing zones [A and B]. Resistivity values of the water bearing zone [A] ranges from 0.1 to 24 Ω m, with average thickness of 4 to 12 m, and depth to water of 1.5 to 13.6 m. In addition, [zone B] is the main water bearing zone of fractured shaly limestone and claystone bands (2 to 14 Ω m) which is detected at deep depth of 40 and 75 m. Two normal fault systems inferred from 1D interpretation are considered responsible for local recharging of the main Eocene aquifer over the study area. In conclusion, the outlined water bearing thickness as well as limited sources of groundwater recharge indicate that these water bearing zones may not provide a sustainable supply for the industrial development purposes in the future.
“…Several authors used geophysical methods, which are applied to Stratigraphy, Structures, Groundwater exploration, Mineral's exploration, Subsurface Mapping and Sustainable development (e.g., Sultan and Santos, 2008, Mohamed et al, 2012, Mohamaden et al, 2016, Abdel Zahar et al, 2018, Al Deep et al, 2021, Abdel Zahar et al, 2021and El-Sayed et al, 2021. Electromagnetic (EM) method is well-known in exploration geophysics and commonly applied in nearsurface applications (Massoud et al 2009;Khalil et al 2013;A.…”
El Hammam area is situated in the North-Western Coast and it is one of the most challenging regions for sustainable development. Transient Electro-Magnetic (TEM) survey has been applied for distinguishing the groundwater aquifers at the study area. Eighteen (TEM) stations were measured and interpreted to evaluate the subsurface aquifers. The final models were used for the construction of a number of cross-sections showing the vertical and lateral distribution of the geoelectrical parameters. The results of the quantitative interpretation indicate that the subsurface sequence consists of four geoelectrical units where the aquifers are represented by the second, third, and fourth layers. The hydrochemical analyses for collected samples included the determination of total dissolved solids (TDS), hydrogen ion (pH), electric conductivity (EC) and indicate that the salinity of the groundwater in El Hammam area increases with depth..
“…According to various geophysical investigations carried out there and elsewhere, including those by 9 , 24 – 26 , the studied area features deep groundwater wells. Subsurface structures, engineering geology, groundwater investigation, and ore mineral exploration can all be accomplished with geophysical methods 27 – 34 . Figure 1 Landsat image and research area location map.…”
The study aims to assess groundwater resources in Sinai's central area using remote sensing, geoelectric, and well-logging data, utilising techniques for modelling hydrogeological frameworks and evaluating desert regions' groundwater potential. Its utilized satellite image sources, soil maps, and geological maps to map the effects of various factors on groundwater potentiality recharge, dividing it into five zones. Eighteen deep VES stations were used to examine the upper part of the groundwater aquifer in Central Sinai, Egypt, comparing it with available borehole information (Well-1, and JICA-1) to establish subsurface geology and hydro-geology positioning. Borehole data, VES interpretation results, hydro-geophysical maps, and four geoelectrical cross-sections were used to visualize the rearward expansion of eight lithological units, groundwater-bearing sections, and aquifer-filled thicknesses. From interpretation data output reveal three zones with significant recharge and storage potential, including two groundwater aquifers. The shallow aquifer has a saturation thickness of the fractured limestone of 35–250 m, while the deep aquifer Nubian sandstone is detected at depths ranging from 660–1030 m. NW–SE and NE–SW faults likely recharge conduits connecting shallow and deep aquifers, providing sites with acceptable groundwater potential for living, agriculture, and development in Sinai.
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