Delivery of Catechins from Green Tea Waste in Single- and Double-Layer Liposomes via Their Incorporation into a Functional Green Kiwifruit Juice

Abstract

Globally, about one million tonnes of tea products, which contain high concentrations of catechins and their derivatives, are wasted annually. Therefore, green tea waste catechins (GTWCs) are worth extracting, processing, protection, and delivery to the human body. In this study, GTWCs were extracted using a green method and then encapsulated in both single- (SLLs) and double-layer liposomes (DLLs). The encapsulated extracts were subsequently incorporated into a fresh green kiwifruit juice. SLLs and DLLs containing GTWCs had a size of about 180 and 430 nm with a zeta potential of −35 and +25 mV, respectively. Electron microscopy illustrated the separation of the SLLs and fibre in kiwifruit juice and attraction of the DLLs to this fibre. Liposomal GTWCs were effectively maintained in the kiwifruit juice during the 28 days of storage (4 °C), demonstrating the effectiveness of this delivery system for high-value bioactives (i.e., catechins) from such a by-product (i.e., green tea waste).

Ephedra intermedia Schrenk & C. A. Mey Methanol Extract: Nanoencapsulation by Mini‐Emulsion Polymerization and its Release Trend under Simulated Conditions of the Human Body

“…The zeta potential of the encapsulated E. intermedia extract was found to be 33 mV, while the same parameter was reported to be 12 mV for the liposomal extract of green tea [97] . Other studies reported zeta potentials of 67 mV and 6.16 mV for the same plant extract [98] . The reasons for the difference in zeta potential depend on the types of nanostructures used in the production of nanocarriers [99] .…”

“…[97] Other studies reported zeta potentials of 67 mV and 6.16 mV for the same plant extract. [98] The reasons for the difference in zeta potential depend on the types of nanostructures used in the production of nanocarriers. [99] A nanocarrier, e. g., poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) refers to a type of distinct delivery system used in a variety of medicinaland biotechnological-based disciplines to transport drugs, genetic material, or other substances at the nanoscale level.…”