Delivery of HUFA, probionts and biomedicine through bioencapsulated Artemia as a means to enhance the growth and survival and reduce the pathogenesity in shrimp Penaeus monodon postlarvae

Abstract

One of the major problems in the shrimp culture industry is the difficulty in producing high-quality shrimp larvae. In larviculture, quality feeds containing a high content of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) and ingredients that stimulate stress and disease resistance are essential to produce healthy shrimp larvae. In the present study, Penaeus monodon postlarvae (PL15) were fed for 25 days on an unenriched Artemia diet (control; A) or on a diet of Artemia enriched with either HUFA-rich liver oil of the trash fish Odonus niger (B), probionts [Lactobacillus acidophilus (C1) or yeast-Saccharomyces cerevisiae (C2)] or biomedicinal herbal products (D) that have anti-stress, growth-promoting and anti-microbial characteristics. P. monodon postlarvae fed unenriched Artemia exhibited the lowest weight gain (227.9 ± 8.30 mg) and specific growth rate (9.95 ± 0.05%), while those fed the HUFA-enriched Artemia (B) exhibited the highest weight gain and specific growth rate (362.34 ± 12.56 mg and 11.77 ± 0.08%, respectively). At the end of the 25-day rearing experiment, the shrimp postlarvae (PL40) were subjected to a salinity stress study. At both low and high (0 and 50&) salinities, the group fed the control diet (A) experienced the highest cumulative mortality indices (CMI) 935.7 ± 2.1 and 1270.7 ± 3.1, respectively. Those fed diet D showed the lowest stress-induced mortality, and CMI were reduced by 31.1 and 32.3% under conditions of low and high salinity stress, respectively. A 10-day disease challenge test was conducted with the P. monodon postlarvae (PL40-PL50) by inoculating the shrimp with the pathogen Vibrio harveyi at the rate of 10 5 -10 7 CFU/ml in all rearing tanks. P. monodon postlarvae fed probiont-encapsulated Artemia diets (C1 and C2) exhibited the highest survival (94.3 and 82.3%, respectively) and lowest pathogen load (V. harveyi) in hepatopancreas (5.2 · 10 2 ± 9.0 · 10 and 4.6 · 10 2 ± 9.0 · 10 CFU g -1 , respectively) and muscle (2.0 · 10 2 ± 6 · 10 and 1.7 · 10 2 ± 8.6 · 10 CFU g -1 , respectively) tissues. The shrimp that were fed the unenriched Artemia (Control; A) showed the

Feeding n 3 HUFA enriched Artemia to the larvae of the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis increases stress tolerance and subsequent growth

“…Postlarvae fed enriched Artemia also presented higher weight at the end of the larviculture period. Although this corresponds well with previous findings demonstrating the positive effect of dietary n-3 HUFA in the enhancement of larval growth and development (Lèger & Sorgeloos, 1992;Rees et al, 1994; Cavalli et al, 2000;Palacios et al, 2004;Immanuel et al, 2007), it disagrees with studies where no effect of n-3 HUFA enriched Artemia were observed in the size of P. monodon (Rees et al, 1994) and F. paulensis postlarvae (Pontes & Andreatta, 2003) or where a negative relationship between dietary n-3 HUFA levels and postlarval length was observed (Martins et al, 2006). Differences between these studies may be due to various causes, including variations in experimental design, species, feed management, composition of the emulsions, postlarval size and age, or duration of the experimental period.…”

“…Since Artemia is a nonselective filter feeding organism, enhancement of n-3 HUFA levels is achieved through enrichment techniques, by which n-3 HUFA rich compounds are provided to Artemia and consequently increase their nutritional value (Sorgeloos et al, 1998;Wouters et al, 2009). Previous studies have shown that feeding n-3 HUFA rich diets results in improved survival, growth andor stress tolerance of several crustacean species (Tackaert et al, 1989;Rees et al, 1994;Cavalli et al, 2000;Chim et al, 2001;Martins et al, 2006;Immanuel et al, 2007;Sui et al, 2007;Jinbo et al, 2013). Nonetheless, few studies have considered the effects of the nutritional quality of larviculture diets on further shrimp performance.…”

Antiviral immunity and protection in penaeid shrimp

“…Generally utilizing feed coated with killed bacteria expressing recombinant viral proteins [122,123] and recently utilizing live bacteria [127,147]. Alternatively, enrichment and feeding of artemia in smaller animals may result in transfer of live probiotic bacteria into the gut [156]. Potentially, recombinant proteins could also be transferred into the gut this way.…”

Sodium alginate from Sargassum wightii retards mortalities in Penaeus monodon postlarvae challenged with white spot syndrome virus

“…The higher the CMI value was, the lower the resistance was considered to be to WSSV. By using these CMI values, percentage reductions in mortality were calculated (Immanuel et al 2001(Immanuel et al , 2004(Immanuel et al , 2007(Immanuel et al , 2010(Immanuel et al , 2012a.…”