Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol intoxication is associated with increased prefrontal activation as assessed with functional near-infrared spectroscopy: A report of a potential biomarker of intoxication

Gilman, Jodi M.; Yücel, Meryem A.; Pachas, Gladys; Potter, Kevin; Levar, Nina; Broos, Hannah C.; Manghis, Eve M.; Schuster, Randi M.; Evins, A. Eden

doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.05.012

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…Participants performed the n-back task during three fNIRS scans on each of the two study days; the first before THC/placebo administration, the second at approximately 100 min after THC/placebo administration, which corresponded to the estimated median maximum THC concentration in blood (Solvay Pharmaceuticals, 2004), and the third at approximately 200 min after THC/placebo administration. Each fNIRS scan consisted of a 6-minute run of the 0-back and 2-back condition of the letter n-back working memory (WM) task (six 30-s blocks, alternating 2-back, and 0-back) [ 18 ]. All participants practiced the n-back task at each visit before THC dosing and were given feedback on their performance.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), a noninvasive and inexpensive method for assessing oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) response, can be easily used to query the PFC. We previously reported that activation-induced changes in cerebral HbO concentration were significantly altered by THC intoxication [ 18 ]. Participants who reported intoxication after oral THC, compared with those reporting low or no intoxication after oral THC, had greater fNIRS-detected prefrontal cortical (PFC) oxygenated HbO response during an n-back working memory task [ 18 , 19 ], suggesting that a neural activity signature, detectable with portable brain imaging, may characterize THC intoxication.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We previously reported that activation-induced changes in cerebral HbO concentration were significantly altered by THC intoxication [ 18 ]. Participants who reported intoxication after oral THC, compared with those reporting low or no intoxication after oral THC, had greater fNIRS-detected prefrontal cortical (PFC) oxygenated HbO response during an n-back working memory task [ 18 , 19 ], suggesting that a neural activity signature, detectable with portable brain imaging, may characterize THC intoxication. To date, neuroimaging studies of the effect of THC on brain function have focused on THC exposure rather than impairment associated with acute intoxication from THC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The distance between pairs of source and detector probes ranged from 2.5 -3 cm. The midpoint of the source-detector distance was defined as channel (Ch) location, labeled numerically(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20) in the above schematic. The channels were grouped into regions of interest, as illustrated in the schematic.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Identification of ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) impairment using functional brain imaging

Gilman

Schmitt

Potter

et al. 2022

Neuropsychopharmacol.

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The primary cannabinoid in cannabis, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), causes intoxication and impaired function, with implications for traffic, workplace, and other situational safety risks. There are currently no evidence-based methods to detect cannabis-impaired driving, and current field sobriety tests with gold-standard, drug recognition evaluations are resource-intensive and may be prone to bias. This study evaluated the capability of a simple, portable imaging method to accurately detect individuals with THC impairment. In this double-blind, randomized, cross-over study, 169 cannabis users, aged 18–55 years, underwent functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) before and after receiving oral THC and placebo, at study visits one week apart. Impairment was defined by convergent classification by consensus clinical ratings and an algorithm based on post-dose tachycardia and self-rated “high.” Our primary outcome, PFC oxygenated hemoglobin concentration (HbO), was increased after THC only in participants operationalized as impaired, independent of THC dose. ML models using fNIRS time course features and connectivity matrices identified impairment with 76.4% accuracy, 69.8% positive predictive value (PPV), and 10% false-positive rate using convergent classification as ground truth, which exceeded Drug Recognition Evaluator-conducted expanded field sobriety examination (67.8% accuracy, 35.4% PPV, and 35.4% false-positive rate). These findings demonstrate that PFC response activation patterns and connectivity produce a neural signature of impairment, and that PFC signal, measured with fNIRS, can be used as a sole input to ML models to objectively determine impairment from THC intoxication at the individual level. Future work is warranted to determine the specificity of this classifier to acute THC impairment.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03655717

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification of ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) impairment using functional brain imaging

Gilman

Schmitt

Potter

et al. 2022

Neuropsychopharmacol.

Self Cite

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“…Even then, the Kernel flow consumes a considerable amount of power and the helmet alone weights more than four pounds, limiting its mobility, especially compared to the recent CW systems, which are trending toward wearability, 35 , 36 affordability, and open source. 37 Despite this, it is expected that TD fNIRS technology will continue progressing in usability and cost, and there are efforts toward developing more portable implementations of the technology, 38 which might result in innovative clinical and practical applications (such as identification of intoxication biomarkers 39 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How much do time-domain functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) moments improve estimation of brain activity over traditional fNIRS?

et al. 2022

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. Significance Advances in electronics have allowed the recent development of compact, high channel count time domain functional near-infrared spectroscopy (TD-fNIRS) systems. Temporal moment analysis has been proposed for increased brain sensitivity due to the depth selectivity of higher order temporal moments. We propose a general linear model (GLM) incorporating TD moment data and auxiliary physiological measurements, such as short separation channels, to improve the recovery of the HRF. Aims We compare the performance of previously reported multi-distance TD moment techniques to commonly used techniques for continuous wave (CW) fNIRS hemodynamic response function (HRF) recovery, namely block averaging and CW GLM. Additionally, we compare the multi-distance TD moment technique to TD moment GLM. Approach We augmented resting TD-fNIRS moment data (six subjects) with known synthetic HRFs. We then employed block averaging and GLM techniques with “short-separation regression” designed both for CW and TD to recover the HRFs. We calculated the root mean square error (RMSE) and the correlation of the recovered HRF to the ground truth. We compared the performance of equivalent CW and TD techniques with paired t-tests. Results We found that, on average, TD moment HRF recovery improves correlations by 98% and 48% for HbO and HbR respectively, over CW GLM. The improvement on the correlation for TD GLM over TD moment is 12% (HbO) and 27% (HbR). RMSE decreases 56% and 52% (HbO and HbR) for TD moment compared to CW GLM. We found no statistically significant improvement in the RMSE for TD GLM compared to TD moment. Conclusions Properly covariance-scaled TD moment techniques outperform their CW equivalents in both RMSE and correlation in the recovery of the synthetic HRFs. Furthermore, our proposed TD GLM based on moments outperforms regular TD moment analysis, while allowing the incorporation of auxiliary measurements of the confounding physiological signals from the scalp.

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Altered fronto-occipital connectivity during visual selective attention in regular cannabis users

et al. 2020

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Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol intoxication is associated with increased prefrontal activation as assessed with functional near-infrared spectroscopy: A report of a potential biomarker of intoxication

Cited by 11 publications

References 59 publications

Identification of ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) impairment using functional brain imaging

Identification of ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) impairment using functional brain imaging

How much do time-domain functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) moments improve estimation of brain activity over traditional fNIRS?

Altered fronto-occipital connectivity during visual selective attention in regular cannabis users

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