Demand Dispatch

Abstract

DEMAND RESPONSE (DR) TRADITIONALLY REFERS TO THE ability to curtail some electrical loads at peak times to alleviate the need for peaking generation sources. Basically, it means being able to turn loads off on command. Progress in communication protocols and technology has been extraordinary in the past decade, making cheap, fast communication widespread. Over the next decade, we expect inexpensive broadband to become ubiquitous. In addition, more and more electrical loads are equipped for communication as well as control. Together, these trends enable a new way of thinking about DR, which we call demand dispatch.Demand dispatch is the capability to aggregate and precisely control (or dispatch) individual loads on command. Unlike traditional DR, demand dispatch is active and deployed all the time, not just at peak times. Demand dispatch represents a qualitatively different approach to balancing generation and load for a power grid. We believe that demand dispatch will be an important enabling technology for incorporating ever higher levels of intermittent renewable generation on the grid.In this article we touch on some background requirements for demand dispatch and how the Internet can be used for communication and control. In addition, we review some of the basics of the operation of the electric power grid. We show how loads that meet the communication and control requirements can be aggregated and dispatched-turned on or off-to help manage the grid. Aggregated loads will be able to perform many of the same ancillary services for the grid that are provided by power plants today. We describe some benefi ts of load-based ancillary services, such as the potential for very fast response, and explain how some characteristics of load-based services differ from power plants. Finally, we give a concrete example of demand dispatch as it can be applied to plug-in electric vehicles: smart charging.

Integration of distributed energy resources in isolated microgrids: the Colombian paradigm

“…In the medium term, the sustainable operation by microgrids with high DER integration could promote investments for expanding distribution networks [24], [31], [25]. In addition, due to the installation of dispersed DERs in the system, a reduction of electric losses could be envisioned [17], [28], [37] while the energy potentials of each region are exploited by connecting DGs from renewable sources near consumption centers.…”

“…Demand response is the reflection of the action taken by a customer as a result of financial incentives. Nevertheless, the real value of demand response is the aggregation of impacts across the entire distribution network, which provides flexibility to the system at a low cost [24], [25]. Furthermore, the inclusion of active demand in the system's operation can mitigate the variability and uncertainty of renewable energy sources, which have been increasingly connected to the distribution system in recent years [26].…”

An Adaptive Control of Smart Appliances with Peak Shaving Considering EV Penetration

“…There are many valuable considerations about EVs which will simplify this study. It has been considered that the total plugged-in time for an EV in a household is 10-15 hours/day, while the travelled time is only 1-2 hours/day which may be different for weekdays and weekends [15]. This allows the consumer to shift the charging time of EV from plug-in time and helps in reducing the peak power demand as most of the EVs return to home in evening at about 17:00 [16].…”

Pool strategy of a producer coordinated with vehicle-to-grid services to maximize profitability

“…The amount of regulation contracted is the total amount by which power can deviate from a baseline level. The baseline is often called the preferred operating point (POP) [18]. The term POP itself comes from ancillary services markets.…”