Demand response potential of district heating and ventilation in an educational office building

Abstract

This study examines the influence of demand response control strategies on thermal conditions, indoor air CO2 concentration, heating energy cost and consumption in an educational office building heated by district heating system in a cold climate. The real-time pricing-based demand response is applied for space heating, heating of ventilation and adjustment of air flow rates. The ventilation analysis covers both constant and variable air volumes systems. The applied demand response algorithms regulate room air temperature set points for space heating, temperature set point for supply air and CO2 set point adjusted with the variable air volume ventilation system. The accepted room air temperature range was 20-24.5°C and CO2 concentration within 800-1200 ppm. This study was conducted with the validated dynamic building simulation tool IDA ICE. The results illustrate that the maximum yearly savings by demand response of space heating and ventilation with the constant air volume ventilation system are around 3 and 6% for the heating energy consumption and heating energy cost, respectively. For the variable air volume system, the heating energy consumption, heating energy cost, electricity consumption and electricity cost can be saved by demand response control up to 8, 11, 9 and 2%, respectively.

Analyzing energy flexibility by demand response in a Finnish district heated apartment building

“…The average temperature of Helsinki during the heating season is -0. [16,17]. The price trend is decreasing, increasing, or flat with values -1, +1, or 0 respectively.…”

“…Figure 1 describes the simulation process by a flow chart. Behrang-Sirén method [16]- [17] changed hourly DH price into control signal. Outdoor 24 hour moving average temperature, acceptable indoor air temperature range, and limiting outdoor temperature were employed in the setpoint control algorithm.…”

Perspectives on Intelligent Road Lighting Control

“…On average in 2014, the annual burning hours of one luminaire were 3965 h, with an energy consumption of 396.5 kW h. By reducing road lighting output to 20% (L ave =0.19 cd/m 2 ) from the full the energy consumption can be 79.3 kW h/year/luminaire, saving will be 317 kW h/year/luminaire. The average price for energy (retail price) in 2016 was 8 cents/kWh consisted of market price, transfer prices and tax prices used in [56][57][58][59][60] . Therefore, the total energy cost for one luminaire without dimming will be 31.72 euro/year, by reducing road lighting to 20% (L ave =0.19 cd/m 2 ), from the full road lighting intensity (L ave =0.79 cd/m 2 ), the cost will be 6.35 euro/luminaire/year, and savings for each luminaire will be 25.36 euro/luminaire/year.…”

An Overview of Demand Response: From its Origins to the Smart Energy Community

“…This has also been developed using battery storage to reduce or curtail loads that do not have a significant effect on staff performance [205]. Perhaps one of the greatest potentials of DR schemes is the control of cooling and heating systems (HVAC), which is often done by the mentioned strategies for other loads [206][207].…”