Dementia, post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder: a review of the mental health risk factors for dementia in the military veteran population

Rafferty, Laura; Cawkill, Paul; Stevelink, Sharon; Greenberg, Karla; Greenberg, Neil

doi:10.1017/s0033291717001386

Cited by 49 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Additionally, there is suggestion of independent risk factors that may increase risk of dementia. It remains unknown whether PTSD directly or indirectly causes dementia (Rafferty et al 2018). In the United States, understanding the aetiological association between PTSD and risk of dementia has become a priority (Khachaturian & Khachaturian 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alternatively, each additional risk factor may have an additive effect on depletion of cognitive reserve (Rafferty et al . ). A few studies have suggested common risk factors for both PTSD and dementia may have a cumulative effect, resulting in increased risk of dementia such as traumatic brain injury, lower intelligence, cardiovascular disorders, less education, hypertension, and diabetes (Barnes et al .…”

Section: Theme 2: Aetiology Underlying the Relationship Between Ptsd mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Although PTSD severity was not specifically measured in any study, there is speculation that more severe, more long-term, and less treated PTSD may result in a greater risk of dementia (Borson 2010). Alternatively, each additional risk factor may have an additive effect on depletion of cognitive reserve (Rafferty et al 2018). A few studies have suggested common risk factors for both PTSD and dementia may have a cumulative effect, resulting in increased risk of dementia such as traumatic brain injury, lower intelligence, cardiovascular disorders, less education, hypertension, and diabetes Qureshi et al 2010;Veitch et al 2013).…”

Section: Theme 2: Aetiology Underlying the Relationship Between Ptsd mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The focus of study has been on PTSDrelated neurological changes and the subsequent development of dementia. These changes are described as reduced hippocampal volumes (Childress et al 2013;Rafferty et al 2018;Veitch et al 2013;Weiner et al 2014;Yaffe et al 2010), reduced cognitive reserve (Qureshi et al 2010;Rafferty et al 2018;Veitch et al 2013;Weiner et al 2013;Yaffe et al 2010), or inflammatory response Rafferty et al 2018;Yaffe et al 2010). Weiner et al (2017) studied Vietnam veterans to determine whether a diagnosis of PTSD increased the risk of dementia.…”

Section: Theme 2: Aetiology Underlying the Relationship Between Ptsd mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With increasing rates of PTSD from recent deployments, it is expected that dementia rates in veterans will increase in the future (Rafferty et al 2018). One estimate, based on PTSD rates from Vietnam veterans, suggests that by 2020, there will be 70 000 new cases of dementia in veterans attributable to PTSD (Veitch et al 2013).…”

Section: Theme 3: Implications For Health-care Providers and Treatmenmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Post‐traumatic stress disorder and dementia in veterans: A scoping literature review

Ritchie

Cramm

Aiken

et al. 2019

Int J Mental Health Nurs

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Emerging research has found an association between post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and dementia in veterans, yet little is known about the nature of this association and how it is conceptualized in the literature. The purpose of this scoping review is to understand how the relationship between PTSD and dementia in veterans is recognized and described in the peer‐reviewed literature. A scoping review was conducted using Arksey and O'Malley's (International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8, 19, 2005) framework. Articles are included if participants were veterans with a focus on PTSD and dementia. A total of six databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, HealthSTAR, and PubMed) were searched along with the reference lists of eligible sources in September 2018. Thematic analysis was used to summarize the data. Thirty‐six studies were included in this review. Three main themes emerged from the literature: (i) symptomatic expression of PTSD and dementia; (ii) aetiology underlying the relationship between PTSD and dementia; and (iii) implications of PTSD and dementia on healthcare providers, treatment, and resources. This study highlights the ongoing need to understand mechanisms underlying the association between PTSD and dementia, the need for definition of PTSD symptoms, and to sensitize healthcare providers to the presence of PTSD when caring for veterans with dementia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Theme 2: Aetiology Underlying the Relationship Between Ptsd mentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Theme 2: Aetiology Underlying the Relationship Between Ptsd mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Theme 2: Aetiology Underlying the Relationship Between Ptsd mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Theme 3: Implications For Health-care Providers and Treatmenmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Post‐traumatic stress disorder and dementia in veterans: A scoping literature review

Ritchie

Cramm

Aiken

et al. 2019

Int J Mental Health Nurs

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Loneliness is associated with risk of cognitive impairment in the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe

Luchetti

Terracciano

Aschwanden

et al. 2020

Int J Geriat Psychiatry

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ObjectivesTo test whether loneliness is associated with the risk of cognitive impairment up to 11 years later in a European sample of middle‐aged and older adults. The study examines whether this association is independent of measures of social isolation, depression, and other risk factors for cognitive impairment and dementia.MethodsParticipants (N = 14 114) from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) answered a single item on loneliness at baseline and were assessed for cognitive impairment every 2‐to‐3 years for 11 years. Participants who scored at least 1.5 standard deviations below the age‐graded mean on both a memory recall task and verbal fluency task were classified as impaired. A three‐item measure of loneliness was available for a sample of respondents followed up to 4 years.ResultsFeeling lonely was associated with increased risk of incident cognitive impairment (HR = 1.31, 95%CI = 1.19‐1.44), after accounting for age, sex, education, and SHARE country strata. The association was robust but reduced in magnitude when controlling for clinical and behavioral risk factors, health‐related activity limitations, social isolation, social disengagement, and depressive symptoms. The association was not moderated by socio‐demographic factors and was also apparent when using the three‐item loneliness scale instead of the single‐item measure.ConclusionsThese findings expand the extant literature on loneliness and the risk of cognitive impairment in older adulthood. Loneliness is one modifiable factor that can be intervened prior to the development of severe impairment or dementia.

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Posttraumatic stress disorder, complex PTSD and subtypes of loneliness among older adults

et al. 2021

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Objectives: Research examining the relationship between loneliness and Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD) is scarce, particularly among older adults. CPTSD includes the core symptoms of PTSD along with additional symptoms reflecting "disturbances in self-organisation" (DSO). This study examined the cross-sectional relationships between loneliness (emotional and social loneliness) and CPTSD symptoms (i.e., PTSD and DSO symptoms) in older adults. Methods: Structural equation modelling was used to examine these relationships in a nationally representative sample of US adults aged 60-70 years (n = 456). Results: Controlling for covariates, emotional loneliness was associated with PTSD (β = 0.31) and DSO (β = 0.57) symptoms whereas social loneliness was only associated with DSO symptoms (β = 0.25). The model explained 35.0% of the variance in PTSD symptoms and 71.3% in DSO symptoms. Conclusion: These findings have important implications for treating and understanding PTSD/CPTSD and their correlates among older adults.

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Dementia, post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder: a review of the mental health risk factors for dementia in the military veteran population

Cited by 49 publications

References 28 publications

Post‐traumatic stress disorder and dementia in veterans: A scoping literature review

Post‐traumatic stress disorder and dementia in veterans: A scoping literature review

Loneliness is associated with risk of cognitive impairment in the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe

Posttraumatic stress disorder, complex PTSD and subtypes of loneliness among older adults

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