Demodex mite in normal skin

Bonnar, Elizabeth; Eustace, P.; Powell, F. C.

doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)92841-o

Cited by 19 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…This result was in accordance with the conclusions of previous reports (Bonnar et al, 1991;Zhao et al, 2000;Wang and Zhang, 2006;Aycan et al, 2007;Gao et al, 2008;Liu et al, 2008;Wang and Wang, 2008;Cao et al, 2009;He et al, 2009). Individual hygienic habits were not statistically correlated with Demodex infestation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

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Sociodemographic characteristics and risk factor analysis of Demodex infestation (Acari: Demodicidae)

Zhao

Guo

Meng

et al. 2011

J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B

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Abstract:To identify sociodemographic characteristics and risk factor of Demodex infestation, 756 students aged 13-22 years in Xi'an, China were sampled for the school-based cross-sectional study. Demodex was examined using the cellophane tape method (CTP). The results showed that the total detection rate of Demodex was 67.6%. Logistic regression analysis revealed that five variables (gender, residence, sharing sanitary ware, frequency of face-wash per day, and use of facial cleanser) were found to be uncorrelated with Demodex infestation, whereas three variables (age, skin type, and skin disease) were found to be independent correlates. Students aged over 18 years had 22.1 times higher odds of Demodex infestation compared to those under 16 years and students aged 16-18 years also had 2.1 times higher odds compared to those aged 13-15 years. Odds of having a Demodex infestation for oily or mixed skin were 2.1 times those for dry or neutral skin. Students with a facial skin disease had 3.0 times higher odds of being infested with Demodex compared to those without. The inception rate of students with facial dermatoses increased in parallel with increasing mite count. The inception rates were 21.3%, 40.7%, 59.2%, and 67.7% in the negative, mild, moderate, and severe infestation groups, respectively (χ 2 =60.6, P<0.001). Specifically, the amount of infested mites and inception rate of acne vulgaris were positively correlated (R 2 =0.57, moderate infestation odds ratio (OR)=7.1, severe infestation OR=10.3). It was concluded that Demodex prevalence increases with age, and Demodex presents in nearly all adult human. Sebaceous hyperplasia with oily or mixed skin seems to favour Demodex proliferation. Demodex infestation could be associated with acne vulgaris. The CTP is a good sampling method for studies of Demodex prevalence.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Mites have been retrieved from almost every area of human skin but have a predilection for the face. Demodex mites can be found in any age groups except newborns who are presumably infested soon after birth by direct contact (Bonnar et al, 1991). The mite population varies with age.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sociodemographic characteristics and risk factor analysis of Demodex infestation (Acari: Demodicidae)

Zhao

Guo

Meng

et al. 2011

J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B

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“…These two Demodex species have been retrieved from almost every area of human skin but have a predilection for the face. The mites can be found in any age groups except newborns who are presumably infested soon after birth by direct contact (Bonnar et al, 1991). The mite population increases with host age, and in the adult population, these two Demodex species parasitize the normal skin with a prevalence of 100% and a usual density <5 mites/cm 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facial dermatosis associated with Demodex: a case-control study

Zhao

Yan

Wang

et al. 2011

J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B

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Abstract:Demodex has been considered to be related with multiple skin disorders, but controversy persists. In this case-control study, a survey was conducted with 860 dermatosis patients aged 12 to 84 years in Xi'an, China to identify the association between facial dermatosis and Demodex. Amongst the patients, 539 suffered from facial dermatosis and 321 suffered from non-facial dermatosis. Demodex mites were sampled and examined using the skin pressurization method. Multivariate regression analysis was applied to analyze the association between facial dermatosis and Demodex infestation, and to identify the risk factors of Demodex infestation. The results showed that total detection rate of Demodex was 43.0%. Patients aged above 30 years had higher odds of Demodex infestation than those under 30 years. Compared to patients with neutral skin, patients with mixed, oily, or dry skin were more likely to be infested with Demodex (odds ratios (ORs) were 2.5, 2.4, and 1.6, respectively). Moreover, Demodex infestation was found to be statistically associated with rosacea (OR=8.1), steroid-induced dermatitis (OR=2.7), seborrheic dermatitis (OR=2.2), and primary irritation dermatitis (OR=2.1). In particular, ORs calculated from the severe infestation (≥5 mites/cm 2 ) rate were significantly higher than those of the total rate. Therefore, we concluded that Demodex is associated with rosacea, steroid-induced dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, and primary irritation dermatitis. The rate of severe infestation is found to be more correlated with various dermatosis than the total infestation rate. The risk factors of Demodex infestation, age, and skin types were identified. Our study also suggested that good hygiene practice might reduce the chances of demodicosis and Demodex infestation.

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“…In humans, Demodex is found in all types of rosacea and is also associated with blepharitis (also observed in the STAT6/ CD28 Ϫ/Ϫ mice), but whether this ectoparasite plays a significant role in the pathogenesis is controversial; in some recent studies the workers have concluded that it is merely a commensal (3,18). Demodex-associated rosacea has also been observed in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients (17) and other immunocompromised patients (2,22).…”

Section: Downloaded Frommentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Deficiency in CD28 and STAT6 Results in Chronic Ectoparasite-Induced Inflammatory Skin Disease

Liu

Arseculeratne²,

Liu³

et al. 2004

Infect Immun

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A mouse lacking CD28, a T-cell costimulatory molecule, and STAT6, a transcription factor that mediates interleukin-4 (IL-4) signaling, was developed from parental CD28-and STAT6-deficient mice. STAT6/CD28 ؊/؊ BALB/c mice that were 8 weeks old had a normal phenotype, and IL-4 production was induced following infection with nematode parasites. Unexpectedly, when they were between 4 and 8 months old, all mice examined spontaneously developed severe chronic dermatitis associated with pronounced numbers of Demodex ectoparasites. In addition, pronounced CD4 and CD8 T-cell infiltrates in the dermis and subcutaneous fat, increased serum immunoglobulin G2a levels, and lymphadenopathy associated with increased gamma interferon and IL-12 expression were observed. Single-knockout siblings lacking either CD28 or STAT6 had a phenotype similar to that of BALB/c wild-type controls. To distinguish whether the ectoparasite Demodex or the Th1 immunity was the proximal cause of the inflammatory skin disease, STAT6/CD28 ؊/؊ mice were treated with a miticide that eliminated the ectoparasites. This treatment markedly reduced the severity of the dermatitis and the associated lymphoid infiltrates. These findings suggest that ubiquitous ectoparasites, which are generally considered to be commensal, may contribute to disease when specific molecules required for an effective Th2 response are blocked.

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Demodex mite in normal skin

Cited by 19 publications

References 1 publication

Sociodemographic characteristics and risk factor analysis of Demodex infestation (Acari: Demodicidae)

Sociodemographic characteristics and risk factor analysis of Demodex infestation (Acari: Demodicidae)

Facial dermatosis associated with Demodex: a case-control study

Simultaneous Deficiency in CD28 and STAT6 Results in Chronic Ectoparasite-Induced Inflammatory Skin Disease

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