Demographic and Socioeconomic Determinants of Penetrating Keratoplasty Outcomes

Abstract

Purpose:The aim of this study was to determine possible associations between demographic and socioeconomic factors and graft survival after penetrating keratoplasty (PK).Methods:This study was a retrospective chart review of patients undergoing PK at a tertiary-care corneal practice at Wills Eye Hospital between May 1, 2007, and September 1, 2018. The first PK of the first eye was included. The primary outcome measure was graft failure, defined as irreversible and visually significant graft edema, haze, or scarring. Demographic and socioeconomic factors included yearly average adjusted gross income (AGI) based on residential zip code, age, sex, and race. Two income groups were created: 1) individuals from neighborhoods with the lowest 10% of AGI (N = 82, AGI=$32,100 ± 4000) and 2) the remaining 90% of individuals (N = 740, AGI=$86,900 ± 52,200). Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors predictive of graft prognosis.Results:The 822 patients (822 eyes) included had a mean age of 57.1 ± 22.1 years at the time of PK. Over an average of 4.2 ± 3.1 years of follow-up, graft failure occurred in 35.3%. Age, sex, and follow-up duration were comparable between income groups (all P > 0.05). Black race was disproportionately represented in the lower-income group (50.0% vs. 11.5%, P < 0.001). Multivariable analysis identified predictors of graft failure including residing in a lower-income neighborhood [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.24-4.19, P = 0.008], younger age (HR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.98–1.00, P = 0.046), and Black race (HR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.03–2.56, P = 0.035).Conclusions:Individuals with a lower income, younger age, and Black race may be more vulnerable to graft failure after PK. Further studies are warranted to identify reasons for these associations.

Geographical Variation in Ophthalmological Care Correlates to Economic Well-being in Florida

“…For example, zip codes with higher poverty rates have been shown to have a higher prevalence of diabetes and diabetic retinopathy, as well as lower rates of diabetic retinopathy diagnosis [9]. Additionally, individuals from communities in the lowest income decile are at a higher hazard of graft failure after penetrating keratoplasty [10]. Furthermore, the disparity dilemma presents itself even in the quality of clinical tests in the ophthalmic setting.…”