Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors Associated with Blood Lead Levels among Mexican-American Children and Adolescents in the United States

Morales, Leo S.; Gutierrez, Peter R.; Escarce, José J.

doi:10.1177/003335490512000412

Cited by 50 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…People of high socioeconomic status reportedly had lower levels compared to those of low socioeconomic status (Menke et al, 2009;Richter et al, 2009;Kolossa-Gehring et al, 2007;Moralez et al, 2005;Bernard et al, 2003). In this study however, lead levels showed an increasing trend with rising income in contrast to previous studies, but it was not statistically significant.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

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Lead and Cadmium Exposure Assessment Using Biomarkers Collected from Children Living in an Industrial Complex Area in Korea

Heo¹,

Lee²

2013

Asian J. Atmos. Environ

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Children are particularly vulnerable to adverse health effects associated with heavy metal exposure. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between proximity to an industry complex and blood lead and urinary cadmium levels for children aged 7-13 who lived in Ulsan where a big petrochemical complex is located. We conducted a questionnaire survey to collect data including sociodemographics, daily habits, residential environment, etc. We also analyzed blood lead and urinary cadmium levels using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Data were analyzed using regression analysis. All statistical analyses were conducted with SAS software version 9.2. We calculated distance by using a Geographic Information System (ArcGIS version 10.0). The geometric mean blood lead level was 1.55 μg/dL (boys: 1.59 μg/dL, girls: 1.51 μg/dL), and the geometric mean urinary cadmium level was 0.51 μg/g creatinine (boys: 0.45 μg/g creatinine, girls: 0.58 μg/g creatinine). In the results of regression analyses, we found that urinary cadmium levels significantly decreased as distance between residence and industrial complex increased after adjusting for age, gender, income, passive smoking and the length of residence. This result was opposite to that for lead levels. Our observations support the hypothesis that urinary cadmium levels in children are related to their proximity to an industrial complex.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…Because of low iron stores in women, absorption of cadmium and urinary cadmium levels in women were higher than those in men (Nordberg, 2007;Marie et al, 2006). This result is in agreement with other studies (Kolossa-Gehring et al, 2007;Moralez et al, 2005;Demoliou et al, 2004;Hoffmann et al, 2000;Paschal et al, 2000;Cambra et al, 1995).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Lead and Cadmium Exposure Assessment Using Biomarkers Collected from Children Living in an Industrial Complex Area in Korea

Heo¹,

Lee²

2013

Asian J. Atmos. Environ

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“…A gender difference, with males having higher blood lead levels than females, has been reported in numerous other studies both in the United States and elsewhere (Counter et al, 2001; Harlan, 1988; Kurtin et al, 1997; Moralez et al, 2005; Nriagu et al, 2006). Several possible explanations have been proposed, including increased skeletal mass in men resulting in increased body stores of lead and the higher concentration of red blood cells in men (a large percentage of lead is bound to these cells) (Nriagu et al, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Blood harmane, blood lead, and severity of hand tremor: Evidence of additive effects

Louis¹,

Factor-Litvak²,

Gerbin³

et al. 2011

NeuroToxicology

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Background-Tremor is a widespread phenomenon in human populations. Environmental factors are likely to play an etiological role. Harmane (1-methyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-β]indole) is a potent tremor-producing β-carboline alkaloid. Lead is another tremor-producing neurotoxicant. The effects of harmane and lead with respect to tremor have been studied in isolation.Objectives-We tested the hypothesis that tremor would be particularly severe among individuals who had high blood concentrations of both of these toxicants. The National Institutes of Health played no role in the study design, the collection of data, the analysis and interpretation of data, the writing of the paper or in the decision to submit the paper for publication. The authors were free to design, conduct, interpret, and publish research and this was not compromised by the National Institutes of Health.Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptNeurotoxicology. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 March 1. Methods-Blood concentrations of harmane and lead were each quantified in 257 individuals (106 essential tremor cases and 151 controls) enrolled in an environmental epidemiological study. Total tremor score (range = 0 -36) was a clinical measure of tremor severity.Results-The total tremor score ranged from 0 -36, indicating that a full spectrum of tremor severities was captured in our sample. Blood harmane concentration correlated with total tremor score (p = 0.007), as did blood lead concentration (p = 0.045). The total tremor score was lowest in participants with both low blood harmane and lead concentrations (8.4 ± 8.2), intermediate in participants with high concentrations of either toxicant (10.5 ± 9.8), and highest in participants with high concentrations of both toxicants (13.7 ± 10.4)(p = 0.01).Conclusions-Blood harmane and lead concentrations separately correlated with total tremor scores. Participants with high blood concentrations of both toxicants had the highest tremor scores, suggesting an additive effect of these toxicants on tremor severity. Given the very high population prevalence of tremor disorders, identifying environmental determinants is important for primary disease prevention.

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“…Lead contamination of drinking water supplies can have deleterious effects on multiple organ systems, including the nervous, haematopoietic, renal, endocrine and reproductive systems, especially in children [1][2][3][4][5]. The principal routes of exposure and absorption of lead are through ingestion and inhalation, and around 35% to 50% of lead in drinking water gets absorbed in adults, a figure that can rise to 60% in children [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drinking water: a major source of lead exposure in Karachi, Pakistan

Ul-Haq¹,

Arain²,

Badar³

et al. 2011

East Mediterr Health J

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Excess lead in drinking water is a neglected source of lead toxicity in Pakistan. A cross-sectional survey in 2007/08 was made of water samples from drinking water sources in Karachi, a large industrial city. This study aimed to compare lead levels between untreated ground water and treated surface (tap) water in 18 different districts. Of 216 ground and surface water samples collected, 86% had lead levels higher than the World Health Organization maximum acceptable concentration of 10 ppb. Mean lead concentration in ground water [146 (SD 119) ppb] was significantly higher than in surface water [77.1 (SD 54) ppb]. None of the 18 districts had a mean lead level of ground or surface water below the WHO cut-off and ground water sources in 9 districts had a severe level of contamination (> 150 ppb). Urgent action is needed to eliminate sources of contamination.

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Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors Associated with Blood Lead Levels among Mexican-American Children and Adolescents in the United States

Cited by 50 publications

References 16 publications

Lead and Cadmium Exposure Assessment Using Biomarkers Collected from Children Living in an Industrial Complex Area in Korea

Lead and Cadmium Exposure Assessment Using Biomarkers Collected from Children Living in an Industrial Complex Area in Korea

Blood harmane, blood lead, and severity of hand tremor: Evidence of additive effects

Drinking water: a major source of lead exposure in Karachi, Pakistan

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