“…In contrast, open interoperability mechanisms, for example, those developed transparently via open participation and governance frameworks and which produce open source and documented code, counter these risks (Bourreau, Krämer, and Buiten 2022;Heuser et al 2017;Hoffmann and Gonzalez Otero 2020;Kerber and Schweitzer 2017;OECD 2021a;Scott Morton et al 2021). Social value-maximising interoperability leverages open standards, is vendor agnostic, avoids prescriptive solutions or technologies, is modular, can be developed incrementally and focuses on concrete and identified outcomes (Heuser et al, 2017;MAAS Alliance, 2021).…”