Dendritic cell-based therapeutic cancer vaccines: past, present and future

Antitumor dendritic cell–based vaccines: lessons from 20 years of clinical trials and future perspectives

“…149,150 Finally, although all clinical trials performed to date test antitumor DC-based vaccines in a therapeutic context, numerous preclinical experiments showed that preventive DC vaccination can significantly delay or even prevent the development of several tumors. 151,152 This supports the establishment of clinical trials that evaluate the safety and efficacy of DC-based vaccines for cancer prevention in high-risk groups in the near future.…”

Triggering through NOD-2 Differentiates Bone Marrow Precursors to Dendritic Cells with Potent Bactericidal activity

“…Their role is also deciphered in vaccination strategies, especially for anti-tumor immunotherapies36. Consequently, antigen-loaded autologous DCs have reached the stage of human clinical trials.…”

Stem Cell Therapy for Brain Tumors

“…Cancer has the ability to evade or inactivate the immune response through a number of mechanisms including mutations in genes encoding target antigens, loss of antigen expression, or immunosuppressive actions such as the secretion of transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), galectin, or indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and/or through the recruitment of immunosuppressive immune cells [117,119]. Clinical trials data for adjuvant cancer vaccines designed to illicit an immune response to tumor antigens, tumor-associated antigens, and prevent further growth of cancer refractory to conventional therapies such as surgeries, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy is summarized in (Table 6) [118]. The first generation of patient-isolated or ex-vivo generated monocyte-derived dendritic cell cancer vaccines was loaded with tumor lysates, recombinant tumor antigens, or synthetic peptides and proven to be safe in early clinical trials but also encountered some limitations such as limited tumor regression rate, lack of linear dose-response effects, and inability to fully accommodate immune target complexity [118].…”

“…Clinical trials data for adjuvant cancer vaccines designed to illicit an immune response to tumor antigens, tumor-associated antigens, and prevent further growth of cancer refractory to conventional therapies such as surgeries, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy is summarized in (Table 6) [118]. The first generation of patient-isolated or ex-vivo generated monocyte-derived dendritic cell cancer vaccines was loaded with tumor lysates, recombinant tumor antigens, or synthetic peptides and proven to be safe in early clinical trials but also encountered some limitations such as limited tumor regression rate, lack of linear dose-response effects, and inability to fully accommodate immune target complexity [118]. To circumvent the mentioned and to create dendritic cells with maximal immunogenicity, currently produced dendritic cell vaccines are matured and activated in the presence of specific cytokines, pathogen-derived agonists, toll-like receptor ligands and exposed to modifications of specific genes such as Egr2 gene silencing [118].…”

“…The first generation of patient-isolated or ex-vivo generated monocyte-derived dendritic cell cancer vaccines was loaded with tumor lysates, recombinant tumor antigens, or synthetic peptides and proven to be safe in early clinical trials but also encountered some limitations such as limited tumor regression rate, lack of linear dose-response effects, and inability to fully accommodate immune target complexity [118]. To circumvent the mentioned and to create dendritic cells with maximal immunogenicity, currently produced dendritic cell vaccines are matured and activated in the presence of specific cytokines, pathogen-derived agonists, toll-like receptor ligands and exposed to modifications of specific genes such as Egr2 gene silencing [118]. Another important consideration for future studies may be the altered expression of several MicroRNAs (miRNAs) identified in gliomas.…”