Dendritic cells and macrophages in the kidney: a spectrum of good and evil

Rogers, Natasha M.; Ferenbach, David A.; Isenberg, Jeffrey S.; Thomson, Angus W.; Hughes, Jeremy

doi:10.1038/nrneph.2014.170

Cited by 175 publications

(168 citation statements)

References 220 publications

(231 reference statements)

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“…The net sum of immune activation after AKI, however, is still puzzling. On one hand, it can lead to more harm by causing excessive inflammation; on the other, it can be beneficial by repairing damaged tissues and cleaning up the mess (31,39). If nephrologists could uncover the secret to striking the right balance, immune therapy of AKI will one day become a reality (40).…”

Section: Akimentioning

confidence: 99%

A Brief Journey through the Immune System

Yatim

Lakkis

2015

Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

154

120

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This review serves as an introduction to an Immunology Series for the Nephrologist published in CJASN. It provides a brief overview of the immune system, how it works, and why it matters to kidneys. This review describes in broad terms the main divisions of the immune system (innate and adaptive), their cellular and tissue components, and the ways by which they function and are regulated. The story is told through the prism of evolution in order to relay to the reader why the immune system does what it does and why imperfections in the system can lead to renal disease. Detailed descriptions of cell types, molecules, and other immunologic curiosities are avoided as much as possible in an effort to not detract from the importance of the broader concepts that define the immune system and its relationship to the kidney.

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Section: Akimentioning

confidence: 99%

A Brief Journey through the Immune System

Yatim

Lakkis

2015

Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

154

120

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“…Macrophages can adopt proinflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes, although these phenotypes exist on a continuum (46). These phenotypes are plastic in vivo, with macrophages responding to cues in the tissue microenvironment.…”

Section: Monocytes Macrophages and The Glomerulus: Diverse And Impomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The systemic actions of a range of innate and adaptive leukocytes are critical to glomerular diseases discussed in articles later in this series. The pathogenesis of these diseases are intimately related to leukocyte behavior and activity systemically, for example, the loss of tolerance and the generation of nephritogenic autoimmunity in secondary lymphoid organs (42)(43)(44)(45)(46).…”

Section: Leukocytes and The Glomerulus In Health And Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

The Players: Cells Involved in Glomerular Disease

Kitching

Hutton

2016

CJASN

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Glomerular diseases are common and important. They can arise from systemic inflammatory or metabolic diseases that affect the kidney. Alternately, they are caused primarily by local glomerular abnormalities, including genetic diseases. Both intrinsic glomerular cells and leukocytes are critical to the healthy glomerulus and to glomerular dysregulation in disease. Mesangial cells, endothelial cells, podocytes, and parietal epithelial cells within the glomerulus all play unique and specialized roles. Although a specific disease often primarily affects a particular cell type, the close proximity, and interdependent functions and interactions between cells mean that even diseases affecting one cell type usually indirectly influence others. In addition to those cells intrinsic to the glomerulus, leukocytes patrol the glomerulus in health and mediate injury in disease. Distinct leukocyte types and subsets are present, with some being involved in different ways in an individual glomerular disease. Cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems are important, directing systemic immune and inflammatory responses, locally mediating injury, and potentially dampening inflammation and facilitating repair. The advent of new genetic and molecular techniques, and new disease models means that we better understand both the basic biology of the glomerulus and the pathogenesis of glomerular disease. This understanding should lead to better diagnostic techniques, biomarkers, and predictors of prognosis, disease severity, and relapse. With this knowledge comes the promise of better therapies in the future, directed toward halting pathways of injury and fibrosis, or interrupting the underlying pathophysiology of the individual diseases that lead to significant and progressive glomerular disease.

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“…Kidney diseases are protean, such as acute kidney injury (AKI), autoimmune glomerulonephritis, and rejection of kidney transplants. Strong evidence demonstrates immune cells, predominantly DCs and macrophages determine both renal tissue injury and subsequent reparative responses (Rogers et al, 2014). However, direct kidney injury mediated by renal infiltrated T cells has not been clearly elucidated in humans.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%