Dendritic cells in the mucosa of the human trachea are not regularly found in the first year of life

Tschernig, Thomas; Debertin, A. S.; Paulsen, Friedrich; Kleemann, W. J.; Pabst, Reinhard

doi:10.1136/thorax.56.6.427

Cited by 58 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Thus, whereas intraepithelial DC are rare in the intestinal tract, DC in the upper airway mucosae are preferentially located within the epithelial layer. Similar observations have previously been made in humans, rats and mice, with 400-800 of intraepithelial DC/ mm 2 of epithelial surface Tschernig et al 2001;Schon-Hegrad et al 1991). These cells actively participate in the generation of adaptive immune responses.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Phenotype and distribution of dendritic cells in the porcine small intestinal and tracheal mucosa and their spatial relationship to epithelial cells

et al. 2006

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Dendritic cells (DC) as key mediators of tolerance and immunity perform crucial immunosurveillance functions at epithelial surfaces. In order to induce an immune response, the DC have to gain access to antigens present at the luminal surface of mucosal epithelia. The mechanisms of this process are still largely unclear. We have therefore analysed the distribution of DC in the porcine intestinal and respiratory mucosa and their spatial relationship to epithelial cells by immunohistology. Immunofluorescence analysis of cryosections taken from jejunal Peyer's patches and double-stained for DC and M cells (specialised for antigen uptake) have revealed that 35.2+/-3.9% of M cells are located directly adjacent to DC in the subepithelial domes, representing possible antigen transfer sites. In normal jejunal villi, a rare population of lamina propria DC extending cytoplasmic processes between enterocytes has been identified as a possible correlate for direct luminal antigen uptake. Like small intestinal DC, DC in the porcine trachea mostly co-express CD16 with MHC-II. Tracheal DC have been found at high densities both above and below the basement membrane (BM) of the tracheal epithelium, with 32.4 DC/mm BM and 23.0 DC/mm BM, respectively. The intraepithealial DC population forms a dense network, with many of the cytoplasmic processes being directed towards the tracheal lumen. Our morphological analyses indicate that DC at mucosal epithelial sites are ideally positioned for the uptake of luminal antigens.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Phenotype and distribution of dendritic cells in the porcine small intestinal and tracheal mucosa and their spatial relationship to epithelial cells

et al. 2006

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“…42 43 Influence of age We have previously reported that the density of DC, determined by HLA-DR staining and morphology in paraffin sections, is different in infants under the age of 1 year than in older individuals. 18 This is similar to data in the rat trachea in which the density of DC reached adult levels 2 weeks after birth. 44 In the present study the patients were also divided into two age groups (younger or older than 1 year of age), and age dependent differences were found at certain topographical sites.…”

Section: Expression Of Markers and Correlationsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…29 In a previous study with paraffin embedded tissues, the presence of DC in the human trachea was examined using HLA-DR labelling and morphology because of a lack of antibodies staining paraffin sections. 18 In a recent study DC were characterised, in addition to other leucocytes, in situ in frozen human post mortem tissue and resection material. In this investigation no differences in the cell numbers were found between post mortem and surgical samples.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Density of dendritic cells in the human tracheal mucosa is age dependent and site specific

Tschernig

Vries

Debertin

et al. 2006

Thorax

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Background: The mucosal immune system undergoes extensive changes in early childhood in response to environmental stimuli. Dendritic cells (DC) play a major role in the development of the immune system. However, few data exist on the influence of continuous environmental stimulation on the distribution and phenotype of human airway DC. Methods: Human tissue samples are mostly paraffin embedded which limits the use of several antibodies, and respiratory tissue for cryopreservation is difficult to obtain. Human frozen post mortem tracheal tissue was therefore used for this study. Only samples with epithelial adherence to the basement membrane were included (n = 34). Immunohistochemical staining and sequential overlay immunofluorescence were performed with DC-SIGN and a panel of leucocyte markers co-expressed by DC. Results: DC detected in the human tracheal mucosa using DC-SIGN correlated with the expression of HLA-DR, co-stimulatory and adhesion molecules. Higher cell densities were found at the ventral tracheal site of patients older than 1 year than in infants in the first year of life. Conclusion: The increasing population of mucosal DC with age could reflect immunological maturation.

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“…This is supported by reports showing differences in the absolute numbers of blood DC subsets in young children compared to older children and adults (11,31). Similar reductions in DC numbers within mucosal tissue in early life have also been reported (23,34). Over and above the low numbers of blood DC at 12 months, it is likely that there are additional deficits in APC function at this age.…”

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confidence: 72%

Dendritic Cell Immaturity during Infancy Restricts the Capacity To Express Vaccine-Specific T-Cell Memory

et al. 2006

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The capacity of the immune system in infants to develop stable T-cell memory in response to vaccination is attenuated, and the mechanism(s) underlying this developmental deficiency in humans is poorly understood. The present study focuses on the capacity for expression of in vitro recall responses to tetanus and diphtheria antigens in lymphocytes from 12-month-old infants vaccinated during the first 6 months of life. We demonstrate that supplementation of infant lymphocytes with "matured" dendritic cells (DC) cultured from autologous CD14؉ precursors unmasks previously covert cellular immunity in the form of Th2-skewed cytokine production. Supplementation of adult lymphocytes with comparable prematured autologous DC also boosted vaccine-specific T-cell memory expression, but in contrast to the case for the infants, these cytokine responses were heavily Th1 skewed. Compared to adults, infants had significantly fewer circulating myeloid DC (P < 0.0001) and plasmacytoid DC (P < 0.0001) as a proportion of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These findings suggest that deficiencies in the numbers of antigen-presenting cells and their functional competence at 12 months of age limit the capacity to express effector memory responses and are potentially a key factor in reduced vaccine responsiveness in infants.

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Dendritic cells in the mucosa of the human trachea are not regularly found in the first year of life

Cited by 58 publications

References 34 publications

Phenotype and distribution of dendritic cells in the porcine small intestinal and tracheal mucosa and their spatial relationship to epithelial cells

Phenotype and distribution of dendritic cells in the porcine small intestinal and tracheal mucosa and their spatial relationship to epithelial cells

Density of dendritic cells in the human tracheal mucosa is age dependent and site specific

Dendritic Cell Immaturity during Infancy Restricts the Capacity To Express Vaccine-Specific T-Cell Memory

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