Dendritic spine dynamics in associative memory: A comprehensive review

Abstract

Associative learning and memory are fundamental behavioral processes through which organisms adapt to complex environments. Associative memory involves long‐lasting changes in synaptic plasticity. Dendritic spines are tiny protrusions from the dendritic shaft of principal neurons, providing the structural basis for synaptic plasticity and brain networks in response to external stimuli. Mounting evidence indicates that dendritic spine dynamics are crucial in different associative memory phases, including acquisition, consolidation, and reconsolidation. Causally bridging dendritic spine dynamics and associative memory is still limited by the suitable tools to measure and control spine dynamics in vivo under behaviorally relevant conditions. Here, we review data providing evidence for the remodeling of dendritic spines during associative memory processing and outline open questions.

Cognitive integrity in Non‐Demented Individuals with Alzheimer's Neuropathology is associated with preservation and remodeling of dendritic spines

“…They are characterized by their long, slender shape, lacking a distinctive head. 43 , 44 , 45 Long thin spines, characterized by small heads and elongated necks, are thought to play a role in learning and can evolve into mushroom spines over time. 43 , 44 Stubby spines, identified by short, wide necks and the absence of a distinct head, may represent an intermediate stage, potentially forming after the degeneration of mushroom spines.…”

“… 43 , 44 , 45 Long thin spines, characterized by small heads and elongated necks, are thought to play a role in learning and can evolve into mushroom spines over time. 43 , 44 Stubby spines, identified by short, wide necks and the absence of a distinct head, may represent an intermediate stage, potentially forming after the degeneration of mushroom spines. 43 , 44 , 46 Finally, mushroom spines, considered mature synapses due to their stable and enduring structure, are associated with long‐term memory consolidation.…”

“… 43 , 44 , 46 Finally, mushroom spines, considered mature synapses due to their stable and enduring structure, are associated with long‐term memory consolidation. 43 , 44 , 47 …”

“…43,44 Stubby spines, identified by short, wide necks and the absence of a distinct head, may represent an intermediate stage, potentially forming after the degeneration of mushroom spines. 43,44,46 Finally, mushroom spines, considered mature synapses due to their stable and enduring structure, are associated with long-term memory consolidation. 43,44,47 We assessed the density of each spine type in proximity to and at a distance from plaques.…”

“…43,44,46 Finally, mushroom spines, considered mature synapses due to their stable and enduring structure, are associated with long-term memory consolidation. 43,44,47 We assessed the density of each spine type in proximity to and at a distance from plaques. First, we analyzed the different types of dendritic spines in the proximal area, and we found no differences among the groups for each of the analyzed types (Figure 3A,D,G,J).…”