Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya: Emerging Arboviruses in the New World

Abstract

The arboviruses that cause dengue, chikungunya, and Zika illnesses have rapidly expanded across the globe in recent years, with large-scale outbreaks occurring in Western Hemisphere territories in close proximity to the United States (U.S.). In March 2016, the Centers for Disease Control and Protection (CDC) expanded its vector surveillance maps for A. aegypti and A. albopictus, the mosquito vectors for these arboviruses. They have now been shown to inhabit a larger portion of the U.S., including the heavily populated northeast corridor. Emergency physicians need to further familiarize themselves with these diseases, which have classically been considered only in returning travelers but may soon be encountered in the U.S. even in the absence of travel. In this paper, we discuss the presentation and treatment of dengue, Zika, and chikungunya, as well as special challenges presented to the emergency physician in evaluating a patient with a suspected arbovirus infection.

Synergistic terpene combinations as larvicides against the dengue vector Aedes aegypti Linn.

“…The arboviruses causing chikungunya, Zika, and dengue have proliferated very quickly across the globe recently (Patterson et al, ). Aedes aegypti Linn.…”

Emerging arboviral human diseases in Southern Europe

“…Mosquitoes, ticks, and sandflies are main arthropod vectors able to transmit pathogenic viruses during their blood feeding on a vertebrate host. Several arboviruses emerged or re‐emerged worldwide, such as Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) which caused recently large outbreaks in the New World . Vector‐borne transmission may occur in a sylvatic or enzootic cycle in which the pathogen is amplified in primates or other wild or domesticated vertebrate hosts, respectively, with humans being infected as dead‐end hosts (such as infections with West Nile virus: WNV); in urban or epidemic transmission cycles, the pathogens are transmitted by vectors between humans, without the requirement for amplification in animals (eg, Dengue virus: DENV, CHIKV, ZIKV) .…”

Modeled distributions ofAedes japonicus japonicusandAedes togoi(Diptera: Culicidae) in the United States, Canada, and northern Latin America

“…This is particularly concerning due to the potential for Ae. j. japonicus to transmit ZIKV (Jansen et al ), DENV, and CHIKV (Schaffner et al ) and the threat posed by these arboviruses in the Caribbean and Latin American regions (Bhatt et al , Weaver , Patterson et al , Vasudevan et al ). This model also suggests that Ae.…”