“…These organisms exhibit diverse life strategies, including heterotrophy, bacterial and/or algal symbioses, kleptoplasty (sequestered chloroplasts), anaerobic (nitrate) respiration, and dormancy (e.g., Goldstein, 1999;Nomaki et al, 2006;Jauffrais et al, 2016;Bernhard et al, 2018;Piña-Ochoa et al, 2010a;Ross and Hallock, 2016). This diversity of life strategies enables them to colonize a wide variety of benthic environments, where they are often considered substantial contributors to nitrogen biogeochemical cycling (Høgslund et al, 2008;Piña-Ochoa et al, 2010a;Glock et al, 2013;Choquel et al, 2021). The ability to denitrify (Risgaard-Petersen et al, 2006;Woehle et al, 2018;Gomaa et al, 2021) is widespread among foraminiferal species (Piña-Ochoa et al, 2010a) and represents a major metabolic pathway that can contribute up to 100% of the total denitrification in sediments (Choquel et al, 2021).…”