Denmark and Nord Stream 2: A small state's role in global energy politics

Wood, Steve; Henke, O.

doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111991

Cited by 9 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…In the last few years, a tendency based on diversification aiming to disconnect from the Russian -dominated gas supply system is discernible in the case of the Baltic states, with LNG making it possible to achieve such goals. This trend is 35 Thanks to Denmark's actions there was a sufficient time frame to devise and implement the American sanctions, not to mention what might be the most significant result of delaying the project, namely that Gazprom was forced to renew its supply contract with Ukraine, guaranteeing the country's position as a transit state in the European trade until 2024 (Wood -Henke 2021).…”

Section: Closer Alliance With the Us In The Eumentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aside from investing significant resources in realising the potential within LNG, the Baltic states along with Northern -European countries also initiated a new pipeline project, aiming to enhance gas trade amongst themselves. The Baltic Pipe runs from Denmark to Poland, transmitting the fuel originally from Norwegian fields, creating a new gas corridor in the region (Wood -Henke 2021). The pipeline with an annual capacity of 10 billion cubic metres went into operation on 30 November 2022 (Energinet 2022).…”

Section: Closer Alliance With the Us In The Eumentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The leaks were discovered in the Exclusive Economic Zones of Denmark and Sweden, investigations were conducted in the following weeks and all evidence indicated sabotage, natural causes behind the leaks were ruled out (Skopljak 2022). Es-1 Prior to the current Nord Stream 2, inaugurated in 2011, a considerable German -Russian natural gas market collaboration, the Nord Stream 1 pipeline was realised (Wood -Henke 2021). Similarly, along with Gazprom, major European energy companies Wintershall, PEG Infrastruktur AG, Gasunie and Engie participated in this pipeline project (Nord Stream AG 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Turbulent energy transformations in Central Europe: Nord Stream projects in the context of geopolitics

Virág

Tancsa

2023

Politics in Central Europe

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The sabotage related to the Nord Stream pipelines does not only signify the Russo ‑Ukrainian War’s escalated realities and potential future risks, also tied to the energy security of supply, but in addition to traditional economic and energetic dilemmas, it also has a specific meaning in light of classic geopolitical concepts. Our study aims to highlight that the contradictions between the direct or indirect nation-state stakeholders, even nowadays, fit into the logic of the power plays illustrated in traditional geopolitical theories. And thus, the events related to the Nord Stream 2 project, as guiding principles, underline not only the energy relations of relevant international state actors appearing in the pipeline’s environment but also in the context of geopolitical positions and the structure of potential geopolitical transformations.

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Section: Closer Alliance With the Us In The Eumentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Closer Alliance With the Us In The Eumentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Turbulent energy transformations in Central Europe: Nord Stream projects in the context of geopolitics

Virág

Tancsa

2023

Politics in Central Europe

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“…The centrist German government’s inconsistency is exhibited by sanctions on Russia fortifying an image of the FRG as a defender of a liberal democratic order while simultaneous support for the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline project impairs that image (Meister 2019; Wood and Henke 2021). US sanctions on companies associated with the project incited outrage among some sections of the polity.…”

Section: The Frenemymentioning

confidence: 99%

Political Imagery and the Russia-Germany-America Triangle

Wood

2022

Nationalities Papers

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The material dimension of Russian foreign and domestic policy is accompanied by one of images and performativity. The Putin regime has affective-emotional and instrumental motives. Its main target audience is the Russian public. Its principal adversary is the United States. The decisive external audience is the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), a pluralist entity that is also concerned with past and present images of itself. Politics in this critical international triangle is infused with theatrical, mediatized, and psychological elements, and the (re)construction of national and individual personae.

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“…These are currently the most neuralgic points in the European network development scene, see e.g. (Jiru²ek, 2020;Tóth et al, 2020;Sziklai et al, 2020;Wood and Henke, 2021). We include the Trans-Anatolian and Trans-Adriatic Pipelines (TANAP and TAP) in the analysis; the more recent TurkStream and Balkan Stream are not present in our data set yet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Network Disruptions and the Security of Supply in the European Gas Network

2021

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The natural gas supply of the Eastern European countries located between Germany and Russia has always been problematic. A historical reliance on Russia has been eased by increased connectivity to the West.Recent developments may lead to a diversied source but via a single supply route, which, in the light of the 2017 Baumgarten explosion, may introduce another type of risk.We propose a novel framework to measure the supply security of natural gas networks, combining a linear programming approach with a risk assessment technique borrowed from nance which measures supply security in European countries. The expected shortfall (ES) is currently the best practice for risk measurement recommended by one of the most important international nancial regulators, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. ES assigns risks by looking at a fraction of the worst cases of supply disruptions. The latter is modelled as the change in the optimal network ow in the case of one of the pipelines falling out due to certain incidents.Several network congurations are considered along with seasonal scenarios corresponding to the dierence in the availability of gas from storage facilities. We nd that the construction of Nord Stream 2, that is, doubling the capacity of the direct connection between Russia and Germany alleviates the gas shortage problem if the connection via Ukraine 1 is shut down, otherwise, the construction increases the risk for Eastern Europe.

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Denmark and Nord Stream 2: A small state's role in global energy politics

Cited by 9 publications

References 38 publications

Turbulent energy transformations in Central Europe: Nord Stream projects in the context of geopolitics

Turbulent energy transformations in Central Europe: Nord Stream projects in the context of geopolitics

Political Imagery and the Russia-Germany-America Triangle

Network Disruptions and the Security of Supply in the European Gas Network

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