“…In piezoelectric ceramics, the domination of ferroelectric or ferroelastic switching events in the total switching, i.e., 180-degree and non-180-degree polarization reversal, is still under discussion yet [ 20 , 21 ]. In situ optical and electron microscopy visualizations conclusively approved that 180-degree polarization reversal in the single crystals and thin films of ferroelectrics from c + -domain with upward-directed polarization to the c – -domain with downward-directed polarization predominantly occurs through the intermediate state of ferroelastic domain wall formation (growth of the a- domain), i.e., two 90-degree switching events in [001] cut tetragonal ferroelectrics [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ], or subsequent 71°, 109°, and 180° switching events in [111] cut rhombohedral ferroelectrics [ 25 , 26 , 27 ]. Landau–Ginzburg–Devonshire calculations explain such behavior as an existence of the local energetical minimum between upward and downward-directed polarization states, associated with the formation of a- domains [ 28 , 29 , 30 ].…”