Density- and viscosity-matched Newtonian and non-Newtonian blood-analog solutions with PDMS refractive index

Brindise, Melissa C.; Busse, Margaret M.; Vlachos, Pavlos P.

doi:10.1007/s00348-018-2629-6

Cited by 49 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…These are the simplest blood analogue fluids to be produced and have been applied in a wide range of biomedical applications from large arterial models to microfluidic devices [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Other popular blood analogues are the non-Newtonian fluids where additives including xanthan gum (XG) and/or polyacrylamide (PAA), sodium iodide, and urea are often diluted in glycerol and/or water and have also been applied in different kinds of flow studies [ 5 , 10 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. However, blood analogue liquid solutions that only take into account the rheological behaviour are not enough to ensure an accurate representation of several blood physiological phenomena happening in microcirculation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood Particulate Analogue Fluids: A Review

et al. 2021

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Microfluidics has proven to be an extraordinary working platform to mimic and study blood flow phenomena and the dynamics of components of the human microcirculatory system. However, the use of real blood increases the complexity to perform these kinds of in vitro blood experiments due to diverse problems such as coagulation, sample storage, and handling problems. For this reason, interest in the development of fluids with rheological properties similar to those of real blood has grown over the last years. The inclusion of microparticles in blood analogue fluids is essential to reproduce multiphase effects taking place in a microcirculatory system, such as the cell-free layer (CFL) and Fähraeus–Lindqvist effect. In this review, we summarize the progress made in the last twenty years. Size, shape, mechanical properties, and even biological functionalities of microparticles produced/used to mimic red blood cells (RBCs) are critically exposed and analyzed. The methods developed to fabricate these RBC templates are also shown. The dynamic flow/rheology of blood particulate analogue fluids proposed in the literature (with different particle concentrations, in most of the cases, relatively low) is shown and discussed in-depth. Although there have been many advances, the development of a reliable blood particulate analogue fluid, with around 45% by volume of microparticles, continues to be a big challenge.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood Particulate Analogue Fluids: A Review

et al. 2021

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“…Due to the high bulk flow rate in the dialysis fistula, the homogenous blood-contrast mixture is rapidly dispersed in circulation [43]. For more realistic blood flow simulation, future studies need to examine blood analogs such as water-glycerol or xanthan gum-water-glycerol mixtures as potential test fluids [29,66]. Second, we chose a simple geometric construction of the vessel and applied circular cross-sectional model for area calculation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mathematical Models for Blood Flow Quantification in Dialysis Access Using Angiography: A Comparative Study

Koirala

McLennan

2021

Diagnostics

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Blood flow rate in dialysis (vascular) access is the key parameter to examine patency and to evaluate the outcomes of various endovascular interve7ntions. While angiography is extensively used for dialysis access–salvage procedures, to date, there is no image-based blood flow measurement application commercially available in the angiography suite. We aim to calculate the blood flow rate in the dialysis access based on cine-angiographic and fluoroscopic image sequences. In this study, we discuss image-based methods to quantify access blood flow in a flow phantom model. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and fluoroscopy were used to acquire images at various sampling rates (DSA—3 and 6 frames/s, fluoroscopy—4 and 10 pulses/s). Flow rates were computed based on two bolus tracking algorithms, peak-to-peak and cross-correlation, and modeled with three curve-fitting functions, gamma variate, lagged normal, and polynomial, to correct errors with transit time measurement. Dye propagation distance and the cross-sectional area were calculated by analyzing the contrast enhancement in the vessel. The calculated flow rates were correlated versus an in-line flow sensor measurement. The cross-correlation algorithm with gamma-variate curve fitting had the best accuracy and least variability in both imaging modes. The absolute percent error (mean ± SEM) of flow quantification in the DSA mode at 6 frames/s was 21.4 ± 1.9%, and in the fluoroscopic mode at 10 pulses/s was 37.4 ± 3.6%. The radiation dose varied linearly with the sampling rate in both imaging modes and was substantially low to invoke any tissue reactions or stochastic effects. The cross-correlation algorithm and gamma-variate curve fitting for DSA acquisition at 6 frames/s had the best correlation with the flow sensor measurements. These findings will be helpful to develop a software-based vascular access flow measurement tool for the angiography suite and to optimize the imaging protocol amenable for computational flow applications.

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“…A blood-mimicking fluid comprising water (44.07%), glycerol (34.52%), and urea (21.41%) was used to obtain a fluid with a refractive index optically matched to that of the PDMS model and physiologically matched to that of human blood (dynamic viscosity 4.2 mPa•s, density 1114 kg/m 3 ). 17 The blood-mimicking fluid was circulated through the flow loop by the SuperPump and a suprarenal flow profile mimicking human resting conditions with a mean flow rate of 1.6 L/min (or a stroke volume of 26.7 mL) and 60 beats per minute heart rate was generated by the Vivitest. A CORRI_ FLOW M55 Coriolis flow meter (Bronkhorst High-Tech BV, Ruurlo, the Netherlands) was used to provide a real time display of the targeted suprarenal flow profile.…”

Section: Experimental Flow Circuitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hemodynamic Comparison of Stent-Grafts for the Treatment of Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease

et al. 2021

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Purpose: To compare the flow patterns and hemodynamics of the AFX stent-graft and the covered endovascular reconstruction of aortic bifurcation (CERAB) configuration using laser particle image velocimetry (PIV) experiments. Materials and Methods: Two anatomically realistic aortoiliac phantoms were constructed using polydimethylsiloxane polymer. An AFX stent-graft with a transparent cover made with a new method was inserted into one phantom. A CERAB configuration using Atrium’s Avanta V12 with transparent covers made with a previously established method was inserted into the other phantom, both modified stent-grafts were suitable for laser PIV, enabling visualization of the flow fields and quantification of time average wall shear stress (TAWSS), oscillatory shear index (OSI), and relative residence time (RRT). Results: Disturbed flow was observed at the bifurcation region of the AFX, especially at the end systolic velocity (ESV) time-point where recirculation was noticeable due to vortical flow. In contrast, predominantly unidirectional flow was observed at the CERAB bifurcation. These observations were confirmed by the quantified hemodynamic results from PIV analysis where mean TAWSS of 0.078 Pa (range: 0.009–0.242 Pa) was significantly lower in AFX as compared with 0.229 Pa (range: 0.013–0.906 Pa) for CERAB (p<0.001). Mean OSI of 0.318 (range: 0.123–0.496) in AFX was significantly higher than 0.252 (range: 0.055–0.472) in CERAB (p<0.001). Likewise, mean RRT of 180 Pa−1 (range: 9–3603 Pa−1) in AFX was also significantly higher than 88 Pa−1 (range: 2–840 Pa−1) in CERAB (p=0.0086). Conclusion: In this in vitro study, the flow pattern of a modified AFX stent-graft was found to be more disturbed especially at the end systolic phase, its hemodynamic outcomes less desirable than CERAB configuration. Clinical Relevance: While the AFX stent-graft has an advantage over the CERAB configuration in eliminating radial mismatch, and maintaining the anatomical bifurcation for future endovascular intervention, this in vitro study revealed that the associated lower TAWSS, higher OSI and RRT may predispose to thrombosis and are, thus, less desirable as compared to a CERAB configuration. Further investigation is warranted to confirm whether these findings translate into the clinical setting.

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Density- and viscosity-matched Newtonian and non-Newtonian blood-analog solutions with PDMS refractive index

Cited by 49 publications

References 13 publications

Blood Particulate Analogue Fluids: A Review

Blood Particulate Analogue Fluids: A Review

Mathematical Models for Blood Flow Quantification in Dialysis Access Using Angiography: A Comparative Study

Hemodynamic Comparison of Stent-Grafts for the Treatment of Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease

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