Density estimates of rural dog populations and an assessment of marking methods during a rabies vaccination campaign in the Philippines

Childs, James E.; Robinson, Laura E.; Sadek, Ramses; Madden, Anthony; Miranda, Mary Elizabeth; Miranda, Noel Lee J.

doi:10.1016/s0167-5877(97)00039-1

Cited by 51 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The findings relating to ownerless dogs are smaller in scale than what has been observed in some other areas, such as Tunisia, Philippines and other South American countries, in which a variety of techniques have been utilized simultaneously in order to obtain estimates. 3,19 For dogs with owners, it is probable that veterinary services can be obtained in the event of disease and for vaccinations, and that food and shelter are available. This leads to the supposition that this group carries lower risk for the human population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dimensionamento da população de cães e gatos do interior do Estado de São Paulo

et al. 2005

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ObjectiveTo estimate the total dog and cat population with owners in order to enable better planning of the control actions against diseases involving these animals. MethodsThe study was carried out in the non-metropolitan regions of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, from May to December 2002. Forty-one municipalities and 100 census tracts were surveyed. These were selected by probabilistic stratified cluster sampling in two stages. The strata were formed by grouping the municipalities according to their populations and living conditions. The Pasteur São Paulo Technique was used to obtain data on the canine population. This technique was developed to estimate and classify dogs according to their degree of dependence and restriction. Results Almost 53% of the 20,958 households visited owned a dog, and the average was 1.6 dogs per household. A total of 4,624 cats were found, concentrated in 12.6% of the households. The results indicate a dog/inhabitant ratio of 1:4.0 and a cat/inhabitant ratio of 1:16.4. ConclusionsThe animal/inhabitant ratios were much higher than expected. Incorporation of these ratios into evaluations of the vaccination campaign against rabies has revealed more realistic coverage patterns, thus leading to renewed discussion of the vaccination targets for municipalities. An association was observed between the size of the municipality or its inhabitant's living conditions and the level of restrictions on dogs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dimensionamento da população de cães e gatos do interior do Estado de São Paulo

et al. 2005

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“…The accuracy of population estimates derived through mark-recapture methods relies on a number of assumptions being met (Totton et al, 2010) including the assumption that marks are neither lost before nor overlooked during the resight survey. The degree to which this assumption is met depends on the interval between marking and survey, and will be influenced by the type of mark applied (Childs et al, 1998). The longevity and visibility of marks applied during vaccination also influences the accuracy of estimates of vaccination coverage derived from post-campaign surveys (Townsend et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of methods for short-term marking of domestic dogs for rabies control

Conan

Kent

Koman

et al. 2015

Preventive Veterinary Medicine

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Rabies transmitted by domestic dogs is a serious yet neglected public health threat in many underserved communities in Africa and Asia. Achieving 70% vaccination coverage in dog populations through annual mass vaccination campaigns is an effective means of controlling the disease in these communities. Evaluating the extent to which this target coverage is achieved requires either accurate pre-campaign estimates of the dog population size or accurate estimates of the coverage attained by conducting post-vaccination surveys. Short-term marking of dogs by applying visible marks may be useful to achieve these estimates, but will be affected by the performance of the marking methods. We evaluated the longevity and visibility of two readily-available livestock marking methods applied to owned, free roaming dogs.We applied two types of marks (spray and crayon) with three different colours (red, blue and green) to each of 21 dogs and compared the time of persistence of the marks over several weeks. Two independent observers assessed the visibility and colour of the marks. Each dog was observed over 2 eight to 37 days (median: 28 days). Kaplan-Meier survival analyses and semi-parametric log-rank tests were performed separately for both observers. Spray marks remained visible significantly longer (median of 24 days for both observers) compared with crayon marks (medians of 10 and 13 days). After 10 days, 90% of spray marks were still visible, compared with only 46% of crayon marks.Visibility of marks was reduced in darker-coloured dogs. Colours of marks were frequently misclassified, and agreement between observers on the colours of the marks was low (Cohen's kappa coefficient = 0.27).The livestock marker spray can effectively be used to mark dogs that are physically restrained, for example during vaccination campaigns. Resight surveys should be conducted within a short a time as possible after marking; however, our results suggest that loss of marks will not have a significant impact if surveys are conducted within 5-7 days after marking with the spray. Results that depend on observers' abilities to distinguish between the three colours which we evaluated may not be reliable.

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“…Strays may also include the quasi-owned animals that are cared for or considered to belong to the "neighbourhood" (Childs et al, 1998). Stray dogs pose several public health risks and concerns to humans, such as rabies (Reyers et al, 1998;Crosby, 2011), toxocariasis and ancylostomiasis (Croese et al, 1994;Prociv and Croese 1996;Singla et al, 2005;Chen et al, 2012), hydatidosis (Buishi et al, 2006), acquired epilepsy due to neurocysticercosis (Sharma et al, 2011), leishmaniasis, borreliosis, bartonellosis, ehrlichiosis, rickettsiosis (Day, 2011;Singla et al, 2011), and schistosomiasis (Hackett and Lappin, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of fecal parasitism for decision making in continued deworming of slum stray dogs in Nairobi areas of Kenya

Makau¹,

Mulei²,

Mutembei³

et al. 2015

J. Vet. Med. Anim. Health

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The objective of this study was to establish the density of infestation of slum dogs with gastrointestinal helminths in locations where vaccination and deworming campaigns had been carried out for a period of 3 years. A total of 150 dogs were randomly sampled from a total of 300 animals that were attended to in a rabies control campaign in Nairobi slum areas between the months of July and September, 2011. Eggs per gram (EPG) and worm identification were done from the fecal samples of the animals included in the study and the prevalence on age, sex and breed were also determined. The EPG were generally high for both hookworms and ascarids with a range of 1083 to 1105 and 515 to 637, respectively. The larvae of the most prevalent species identified were Ancylostoma caninum and Toxocara canis. There was no statistical significant difference (P=0.9) between EPG counts in males and females at p<0.05. The prevalence was high among the puppies at 58.8% (44/75) as compared to the adult dogs at 38.3% (29/75) when P = 0.01. From the findings of this study, it was concluded that the density of infestation of stray slum dogs with gastrointestinal worms was high and therefore there is need to address routine and strategic deworming.

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Density estimates of rural dog populations and an assessment of marking methods during a rabies vaccination campaign in the Philippines

Cited by 51 publications

References 10 publications

Dimensionamento da população de cães e gatos do interior do Estado de São Paulo

Dimensionamento da população de cães e gatos do interior do Estado de São Paulo

Evaluation of methods for short-term marking of domestic dogs for rabies control

Assessment of fecal parasitism for decision making in continued deworming of slum stray dogs in Nairobi areas of Kenya

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