Density of Fast Food Outlets around Educational Facilities in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Geospatial Analysis

AlQurashi, Alaa; Kusuma, Dian; Aljishi, Hala; AlFaiz, Ali; Alsaad, Abdulaziz

doi:10.3390/ijerph18126502

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Minahasa in North Sulawesi) have already had a similar economic development (e.g., income and education level) to nearby urban districts (e.g., Kota Tomohon and Kota Padang Sidempuan). All this indicates that, given limited resources, effective responses to reduce disparity in obesity may prioritize urban districts and rural districts with high obesity prevalence [25][26][27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disparities in Obesity Rates among Adults: Analysis of 514 Districts in Indonesia

et al. 2022

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Background: Globally, it was estimated that over 650 million adults 18 years old and older were obese in 2016. It is an increasing global health challenge with a significant health and economic impact. Thus, understanding geographic and socioeconomic disparities in obesity among adults is crucial. Methods: We combined geospatial and quantitative analyses to assess the disparity in obesity across 514 districts in Indonesia. We used the Basic Health Survey (Riskesdas) 2018 for obesity data and the World Bank database for socioeconomic data. Dependent variables included obesity prevalence among all adults (18+ years), males, females, young adults (18–24 years), adults (25–59 years), and older adults (60+ years). Results: We found significant geographic and socioeconomic disparities in adult obesity in Indonesia. In terms of region, districts in Java and Bali had a significantly higher prevalence of obesity than those in Papua, Maluku, and Nusa Tenggara. Districts in Java had 29%, 32%, 60%, and 28% higher prevalence of obesity among all adults, female adults, young adults, and adults. By income, compared to the poorest ones, most affluent districts had a significantly higher prevalence of obesity; they had a 36%, 39%, 34%, 42%, 33%, and 73% higher prevalence of obesity among all adults, males, females, young adults, adults, and older adults. Similarly, by education, compared to the least educated ones, the most educated districts had a significantly higher prevalence of obesity; they had a 34%, 42%, 29%, 36%, and 80% higher prevalence of obesity among all adults, males, females, adults, and older adults. Conclusions: There are significant disparities in adult obesity among 514 districts in Indonesia. Efforts by policymakers and stakeholders are needed to reduce obesity among adults, especially within districts with high prevalence.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disparities in Obesity Rates among Adults: Analysis of 514 Districts in Indonesia

et al. 2022

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“…Moreover, at the district level, while all districts with the lowest hypertension for all adults, by sex, and by age groups were rural, many districts with the highest prevalence were also rural. Thus, effective responses to reduce disparity in hypertension may need to prioritize not only urban areas but also rural areas with an already high burden of hypertension [ 22 , 23 , 24 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

District-Level Inequalities in Hypertension among Adults in Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Analysis by Sex and Age Group

Oktamianti

Kusuma

Amir

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Background: An estimated 1.28 billion adults 30–79 years old had hypertension globally in 2021, of which two-thirds lived in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Previous studies on geographic and socioeconomic inequalities in hypertension among adults have limitations: (a) most studies used individual-level data, while evidence from locality-level data is also crucial for policymaking; (b) studies from LMICs are limited. Thus, our study examines geographic and socioeconomic inequalities in hypertension among adults across districts in Indonesia. Methods: We combined geospatial and quantitative analyses to assess the inequalities in hypertension across 514 districts in Indonesia. Hypertension data were obtained from the Indonesian Basic Health Survey (Riskesdas) 2018. Socioeconomic data were obtained from the World Bank. Six dependent variables included hypertension prevalence among all adults (18+ years), male adults, female adults, young adults (18–24 years), adults (25–59 years), and older adults (60+ years). Results: We also found significant geographic and socioeconomic inequalities in hypertension among adults across 514 districts. All hypertension indicators were higher in the most developed region than in the least developed region. Districts in the Java region had up to 50% higher prevalence of hypertension among all adults, males, females, young adults, adults, and older adults. Notably, districts in the Kalimantan region had the highest prevalence of hypertension, even compared to those in Java. Moreover, income level was positively associated with hypertension; the wealthiest districts had higher hypertension than the poorest districts by up to 30%, but only among males and older adults were statistically significant. Conclusions: There were significant inequalities in hypertension among adults across 514 districts in the country. Policies to reduce such inequalities may need to prioritize more affluent urban areas and rural areas with a higher burden.

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“…Exposure of school and college students to fast food outlets surrounding their educational setting has been found to provoke increased fast food consumption. 15 Therefore, obesity prevention programs targeting children and parents are a requisite.…”

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confidence: 99%

Obesity management in the Saudi population

Aldubikhi

2023

SMJ

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Obesity is an alarming public health concern and needs to be addressed promptly in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Sedentary lifestyle, changes in dietary intake and choice, culture, gender, climatic conditions and, lately, COVID-19 have contributed to obesity as a near epidemic in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Interventions targeting obesity includes lifestyle management, pharmacotherapy, and surgery. Lifestyle interventions qualify as firstline therapies. Diets include a low-fat diet, lowcalorie diet, low-carbohydrate diet, high-protein diet, and low-glycemic-index diet. Diet and exercise interventions can have a huge impact on weight loss. Pharmacotherapy is considered a treatment option at a later stage. Surgery is only for severely obese individuals. Above all, the government has to intervene and implement regulations and policies that can curb the incidence of obesity. This review aims to address obesity in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, interventions to curb it, and the impact of COVID-19 on obesity.

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Density of Fast Food Outlets around Educational Facilities in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Geospatial Analysis

Cited by 5 publications

References 30 publications

Disparities in Obesity Rates among Adults: Analysis of 514 Districts in Indonesia

Disparities in Obesity Rates among Adults: Analysis of 514 Districts in Indonesia

District-Level Inequalities in Hypertension among Adults in Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Analysis by Sex and Age Group

Obesity management in the Saudi population

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