“…Over the past decades, clustering analysis has been serving many applications in the field of machine learning [8][9][10], pattern segmentation [11][12][13][14], and recommendation [15][16][17]. Up to now, different kinds of clustering schemes have been developed, density-based clustering methods [18,19], partition-based clustering methods [20][21][22], hierarchical-based clustering methods [23,24], grid-based clustering methods [25,26], model-based clustering methods [27][28][29], graph-based clustering methods [30,31]and others.…”