Density profiles of novel kraft pulp and TMP based foam formed thermal insulation materials observed by X-ray tomography and densitometry

Lecourt, Michaël; Pöhler, Tiina; Hornatowska, Joanna; Salmén, Lennart; Jetsu, Petri

doi:10.1515/hf-2017-0116

Cited by 7 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Moreover, X-ray microtomography has shown that fiber networks tend to form separate layers in the thickness direction at very low average material density. [130] Therefore, the structure can deviate a lot from a simple random fiber network, and one has to be cautious when using averaging formulas such as Equation (15).…”

Section: Fiber Network Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…For thick materials with low density, compression behavior is often the most important strength characteristic. As suggested by Equations (15) and (16), the compression modulus and stress depend strongly on the density of the material together with the bending stiffness of the fibers and their bonding. This is shown in Figure 30, where the stiffer CTMP fibers lead to much higher compression stress than the flexible kraft fibers.…”

Section: Compression Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The properties of their 100 g/m 2 sheets were close to the commercial heat insulators like expanded polystyrene (EPS). P€ ohler et al [14] mentioned that air flow resistance is important for minimizing the heat transfer by thermal convection, and it can be optimized by selecting fiber raw materials (particle size distribution) or by adjusting the z-directional density distribution, [15] for example. The difference between foam-formed materials and current cellulose-based insulation mats is that foam forming enables 100% content of natural fibers in manufacturing.…”

Section: Thermal Insulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Foam forming is a process that enables the making of a variety of fiber products, [1] ranging from paper [2][3][4][5][6] and lightweight packaging [7] to nonwoven fabrics [8][9][10] and insulation, [11][12][13][14][15] filtering [13,16,17] and construction materials. In this method, the advantages of traditional water-forming technology are combined with the improved ability of handling very different kinds of raw materials such as long fibers [10,18] or particles with varied densities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Foam forming of fiber products: a review

Hjelt

Ketoja

Kiiskinen

et al. 2021

Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology

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Aqueous foam can be used as a transfer medium to form lightweight materials from natural and man-made fibers together with other types of raw materials. This review discusses mechanisms that underlie the forming process and thus influence physical properties of formed fiber networks such as microporous structure, strength behavior, and transport properties. Homogeneous fiber materials can be formed from versatile raw materials, which makes the technology suitable for a vast range of product applications. An intriguing feature of the method is that the wet foam characteristics provide an additional tool to tailor the performance of the dried material. Understanding foam rheology and how that is affected by added fibers is important in developing the forming process. We introduce both fundamental foam properties and practical forming methods, and show how the material properties are affected by the foam-fiber interaction. The basic features of an industrial production process are also described. The potential material properties are compared against key requirements in typical product applications.

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Section: Fiber Network Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Compression Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Thermal Insulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Foam forming of fiber products: a review

Hjelt

Ketoja

Kiiskinen

et al. 2021

Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology

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“…Long-term stability depends primarily on the formulation, but the process also matters, and stabilizing agents contribute a great deal as well. [20] and the addition of CNF as pickering agent serves to improve the foamability and stability of foam produced.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pickering Emulsion Technology in Fabricate Cellulose Foam From Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Waste

Amanda

Nabila

Ismadi

et al. 2021

jsmi

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PICKERING EMULSION TECHNOLOGY IN FABRICATE CELLULOSE FOAM FROM OILPALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH WASTE. Cellulose from the oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) waste can make a porous material. This study aims to make cellulose foam with Pickering emulsion technology used cellulose nanofiber as a Pickering agent. The mechanism of Pickering emulsion is learned from foamability and stability of foam in the presence of various concentrations of surfactant. The result showed that using Pickering emulsion technology only needed surfactant with a small concentration to improve foamability and stability. The addition of CNF indeed improved the stability and foamability with the Pickering effect. The stability test shows that the foam stabilized with CNF appeared to be relatively stable. In contrast to the CNF free system, the foams were collapse in three days tested. Structures of foam was characterized using an optical microscope and showed that the foam was composed into two- or three dimensional microstructures formed by gas bubble of wet foam in random orientations. This process generated the lightweight Cellulose foam from OPEFB waste, with a density of 0.07 g/cm3. Using Pickering emulsion technology to make cellulose foam can be one way to overcome OPEFB waste and this foam is potential for various applications.

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Energy absorption and resilience in quasi-static loading of foam-formed cellulose fibre materials

Pääkkönen,

Ketoja,

Paltakari

2024

Cellulose

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To avoid microplastic pollution, there is an urgent need to replace fossil-based cushioning materials in packaging with easily recyclable alternatives. Here, we investigated the potential of lightweight cellulose fibre materials as a solution for mechanical protection. The quasi-static compression was studied among a vast set of 129 different foam-formed trial points with material density ranging from 21 kg/m3 to 123 kg/m3. The trial points included two different fibre types, bleached softwood kraft pulp (BSKP) and bleached chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP), with varied refining level, pulp consistency, foaming conditions, surfactant type, strength additives, and final material density and thickness. Besides a correlation analysis of factors affecting compression stress and resilience, the results were reflected against a new theoretical prediction of energy absorption for an ideal low-density random fibre network. The theory predicts the initially-high cushion factor to rapidly drop down to the level of 4‒5 at 40‒80% compression. A similar behaviour was seen among the actual samples, despite their various non-ideal features. At 50% compression, the average cushion factor across the whole data set was 4.84 ± 0.10, being close to the theoretical prediction of 4.61 for the ideal case. The smallest cushion factor of 3.6 was found for a CTMP sample. The recovery from compression varied slightly among the samples and appeared highest for the material density of 60‒100 kg/m3, following the predicted proportion of non-buckled fibre segments. According to the results, cellulose fibre-based cushions have a soft initial response, which is preferable for fragile items. Graphical abstract

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Density profiles of novel kraft pulp and TMP based foam formed thermal insulation materials observed by X-ray tomography and densitometry

Cited by 7 publications

References 15 publications

Foam forming of fiber products: a review

Foam forming of fiber products: a review

Pickering Emulsion Technology in Fabricate Cellulose Foam From Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Waste

Energy absorption and resilience in quasi-static loading of foam-formed cellulose fibre materials

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