Dental health and diet in early medieval Ireland

Novak, Mario

doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.06.004

Cited by 54 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 70 publications

(116 reference statements)

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“…Contrary to the high figure of 93.2% of MIH previously reported in the Broadgate collection (Ogden et al, ), Kűhnisch and colleagues reported an MIH prevalence of 3.1% among three archaeological collections from late medieval ( n = 191, 12th–16th century, Regensburg, Germany), postmedieval ( n = 33, 16th–18th century, Passau, Germany), and modern age archaeological skeletal series ( n = 99, 19th–20th century, Altdorf, Germany; Kuhnisch et al, ). It is reasonable to assume that due to high prevalence of dental caries, ante mortem loss , calculus, and tooth wear on M1 (Esclassan et al, ; Lucas et al, ; Novak, ; Vodanovic, Brkic, Slaus, & Demo, ) and the greater proportion of adults from 21 to more than 60 years of age (91%; 305/336 subjects), the prevalence could be underestimated (Kuhnisch et al, ). A systematic review highlighted a significant association between MIH and caries (Americano, Jacobsen, Soviero, & Haubek, ) in current populations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To diagnose MIH, at least one first permanent molar (M1) had to be erupted. Because of the often prevalent early damage to the M1 due to dental caries, wear, or ante mortem loss, the adult group (>26 years) was excluded (Esclassan et al, ; Lucas et al, ; Novak, ). Perinatal and those in the age category of 0–11 months were also excluded because the M1 crown is not fully developed, whereas the 1‐ to 5‐year group was included because some isolated M1 germs could be observed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differential diagnoses of enamel hypomineralisation in an archaeological context: A postmedieval skeletal collection reassessment

Garot

Couture‐Veschambre

Manton

et al. 2019

Intl J of Osteoarchaeology

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Developmental enamel defects (DDE) are often used as indicators of general health in past archaeological populations. DDE include three common types of lesions: hypoplasia, diffuse, and demarcated opacities. Molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) was defined in 2001 as a qualitative enamel defect affecting first permanent molars and often permanent incisors. The European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry established criteria to diagnose MIH in current populations as demarcated white or yellow‐brown opacities of enamel with or without posteruptive breakdown. MIH is prevalent in current populations (average 14.2%) and may cause important damage to first permanent molars. Aetiological factors are uncertain. The discovery of MIH in archaeological skeletal collections based on macroscopic examination has been reported previously, in particular by Ogden and colleagues (2008). If MIH exists in past populations, there are profound implications regarding current aetiological hypotheses. Aims of the present study were to (a) reassess the London postmedieval archaeological collection from which the first cases of MIH were reported and evaluate the reliability of MIH diagnosis criteria in past populations and (b) differentially diagnose developmental defects of enamel and post mortem discoloration in the teeth. Contrary to the reported prevalence in the original study (93.2%), among 47 subadult (>18 years) individuals, a low MIH prevalence was determined (27%). Reliability of MIH diagnosis was tested with three MIH experts who were also physical anthropologists. Our study highlighted that the reliability of a macroscopic diagnosis of MIH in past populations is fair (Cohen's kappa = 0.35 ± 0.11; Fleiss's kappa = 0.3). It could explain the large differential in prevalence values in studies performed in archaeological collections. Pathological and taphonomic agents can produce enamel modifications indistinguishable from one another, even to an “experienced eye.” Here, we examined the literature to highlight potential differential diagnoses of MIH (taphonomic discoloration, amelogenesis imperfecta, fluorosis, rachitic teeth, etc.). Employing nondestructive analyses to characterise and diagnose tooth discoloration in past populations is highly recommended.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential diagnoses of enamel hypomineralisation in an archaeological context: A postmedieval skeletal collection reassessment

Garot

Couture‐Veschambre

Manton

et al. 2019

Intl J of Osteoarchaeology

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“…It results in the gradual destruction of periodontal tissues and alveolar bone and is identified in skeletal material by the loss of alveolar bone that exposes the underlying trabecular bone and thereby produces porosity (Clarke, Carey, Sirkandi, Hirsch, & Leppard, 1986) or causes the alveolar crest to recede relative to the cemento-enamel junction of the associated dentition (Larsen, 1997). A tooth was considered positive for alveolar bone resorption only when the alveolar bone showed changes in the cortical surface, revealing either porous cancellous spaces or an altered alveolar crest, and the distance between the cemento-enamel junction and the alveolar crest was more than 2 mm (DeWitte, 2012;Novak, 2015). For more details on possible problems related to using linear measurements to determine periodontal disease, see Hildebolt and Molnar (1991) and DeWitte (2012).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endemic warfare and dental health in historic period archaeological series from Croatia

Šlaus

Bedić

Bačić

et al. 2017

Intl J of Osteoarchaeology

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This study assesses the prevalence and distribution of caries, antemortem tooth loss, abscesses, calculus, alveolar bone resorption, and tooth wear in two large composite archaeological series from Croatia in order to determine the effects that long-term, endemic warfare had on dental health and nutrition. The first series consists of dental material belonging to three cemeteries dated to the late medieval period (1100-1400), a period characterised by rapid social development, increased urbanisation, growth of trade, and an increase of monetary economy. The second belongs to three cemeteries from the early modern period (1400-1700) during which time Croatia was exposed to incessant Ottoman raiding and the gradual subjugation and incorporation of various Croatian territories into the Ottoman Empire.Analyses of 4,789 permanent teeth belonging to adult males and females show significantly lower frequencies of carious lesions, abscesses, alveolar resorption, and heavy dental wear during the early modern period suggesting a significant change in alimentary habits with, surprisingly, better nutrition and a higher dependence on proteins during the period that Croatia was involved in lowintensity, endemic warfare.The improvement in dental health noted in the Ottoman period series was the result of a combination of circumstances that includes mass emigration of local populations caused by incessant Ottoman raiding, the resulting economic decline and wholesale abandonment of these territories, and the subsequent resettlement of these territories by a new group of peoples known as Vlachs who practised a different subsistence strategy based on pastoralism and cattle farming.

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“…As the local pH lowers these bacteria can proliferate, leading to demineralization of dental tissues (Gussy et al, 2006). Foods containing refined carbohydrates and sugars are particularly cariogenic (Rohnbogner & Lewis, 2016); some fruits and nuts, as well as honey, may be as well (Novak, 2015;Humphrey et al, 2014). Conversely, fibrous/tough dietary items, meat and certain plants, among others, inhibit lesion formation (Moynihan, 2000;Rohnbogner & Lewis, 2016;Novak, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Foods containing refined carbohydrates and sugars are particularly cariogenic (Rohnbogner & Lewis, 2016); some fruits and nuts, as well as honey, may be as well (Novak, 2015;Humphrey et al, 2014). Conversely, fibrous/tough dietary items, meat and certain plants, among others, inhibit lesion formation (Moynihan, 2000;Rohnbogner & Lewis, 2016;Novak, 2015). As such, the absence, presence and characteristics of caries can give insight into the diet and food processing behaviours of individuals and groups (Takahashi & Nyvad, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Root caries on aParanthropus robustusthird molar from Drimolen

Towle

Riga

Irish

et al. 2019

Preprint

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ObjectivesDental caries is often perceived as a modern human disease. However, their presence is documented in many early human groups, various non-human primates and, increasingly, our hominin ancestors and relatives. In this study we describe an antemortem lesion on the root of a Paranthropus robustus third molar from Drimolen, South Africa, which likely represents another example of caries in fossil hominins. Materials and MethodsThe molar, DNH 40, is dated to 2.0-1.5 Ma and displays a lesion on the mesial root surface, extending from the cementoenamel junction 3 mm down toward the apex. The position and severity of the lesion was macroscopically recorded and micro-CT scanned to determine the extent of dentine involvement. Results A differential diagnosis indicates root caries, as the lesion is indistinguishable from clinical examples.Although necrotic in appearance, external tertiary dentine is evident on a micro CT scan. Gingival recession and/or continuous eruption of the tooth as a result of extensive occlusal wear would have occurred to facilitate caries formation. Therefore, the lesion is likely linked to relative old age of this individual. DiscussionThis new example increases the total number of carious lesions described in P. robustus teeth to 12, on occlusal, interproximal and, now, root surfaces. Beyond the consumption of caries-causing food(s), caries formation would have also required the presence of requisite intra-oral cariogenic bacteria in this individual and the species. Of interest, the presence of tertiary dentine on the outward surface suggests the DNH 40 lesion may have been arrested, i.e., no longer active, perhaps relating to a change in diet or oral microbiome just prior to the individual's death.

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Dental health and diet in early medieval Ireland

Cited by 54 publications

References 70 publications

Differential diagnoses of enamel hypomineralisation in an archaeological context: A postmedieval skeletal collection reassessment

Differential diagnoses of enamel hypomineralisation in an archaeological context: A postmedieval skeletal collection reassessment

Endemic warfare and dental health in historic period archaeological series from Croatia

Root caries on aParanthropus robustusthird molar from Drimolen

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