“…For improving dental disease diagnosis and treatment plans, deep learning [7] has significantly influenced the processing of intraoral X-ray images in image processing [8], segmentation [9][10][11][12] and enhancements [13][14][15]. These developments integrating intraoral X-ray imaging with deep learning techniques enhance the precision of oral health condition recognition and detection, such as dental caries [16][17][18][19][20][21][22], implant [23], oriented tooth [24], restoration by filling [25] and dental material [26]. This study adapts deep learning techniques on a novel dataset to recognize and detect twenty categories as abscessed teeth, calculus, caries, cysts, dental bridges, dental crowns, extracted teeth, filling overhang, impacted wisdom teeth, implants, mesialized dentition, mixed dentition, periodontal bone loss, pulpitis, restoration by filling, retained root, screw-retained restoration, single-root canal treatment, two-root canal treatment and three-root canal treatment.…”