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<p class="western" lang="en-US"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></span></p><p class="western" align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US"><strong>Objective</strong></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">:This study evaluated the </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">hardness and modulus of elasticity</span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">of the </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">dentin </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">bond interface</span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US"> using total-etch (Single Bond /SB) and self-etch (Clearfil SE Bond/CSEB) adhesives associated with Nd:YAG Laser irradiation through the unpolymerized adhesives.</span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US"><strong>Material and Methods</strong></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">: The occlusal surfaces of 12 human third molars were ground until superficial dentin was exposed. A standardized circular cavity was performed on the occlusal surface. Specimens were sectioned in the mesio-distal direction, and the 24 hemi-crowns were divided into four groups: Group SB/Control - SB + polymerization; Group SB/Laser - SB</span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US"><em> +</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US"> Nd:YAG laser (</span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">174.16J/cm</span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">2</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">/60s/non-contact) + polymerization; Group </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">CSEB/</span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">Control – </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">CSEB + </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">polymerization; Group </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">CSEB</span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">/Laser - </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">CSEB + </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">Nd:YAG laser (</span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">174.16J/cm</span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">2</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">/cm</span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">2</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">/60s/non-contact) + polymerization. </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">Composite </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">were placed in the cavities and polymerized. The specimens were immersed in distilled water and stored in an oven at 37ºC for 24h and then submitted to nanoindentation in a Nano Indenter® XP appliance. </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US"><strong>Results</strong></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">: The results were submitted to ANOVA, Tukey’s test and Student's-</span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US"><em>t</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US"> test (p < 0.05). </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US"><strong>Conclusão: </strong></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">It was concluded that the application of the Nd:YAG laser in both adhesive systems did not changed the hybrid layer hardness; however, it increases the modulus of elasticity </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en">in the hybrid layer </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">for both adhesives tested and it maybe preserves the integrity of the adhesive interface and its durability.</span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US"><strong> Clinical relevance:</strong></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US"> The application of Nd:YAG laser prior to photopolymerization of adhesive systems can increase the modulus of elasticity </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en">in the hybrid layer and</span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US"> may contribute to stress distribution in the adhesive interface during the polymerization preserving the integrity of the adhesive interface and its durability.</span></span></span></p>
<p class="western" lang="en-US"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></span></p><p class="western" align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US"><strong>Objective</strong></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">:This study evaluated the </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">hardness and modulus of elasticity</span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">of the </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">dentin </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">bond interface</span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US"> using total-etch (Single Bond /SB) and self-etch (Clearfil SE Bond/CSEB) adhesives associated with Nd:YAG Laser irradiation through the unpolymerized adhesives.</span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US"><strong>Material and Methods</strong></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">: The occlusal surfaces of 12 human third molars were ground until superficial dentin was exposed. A standardized circular cavity was performed on the occlusal surface. Specimens were sectioned in the mesio-distal direction, and the 24 hemi-crowns were divided into four groups: Group SB/Control - SB + polymerization; Group SB/Laser - SB</span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US"><em> +</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US"> Nd:YAG laser (</span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">174.16J/cm</span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">2</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">/60s/non-contact) + polymerization; Group </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">CSEB/</span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">Control – </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">CSEB + </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">polymerization; Group </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">CSEB</span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">/Laser - </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">CSEB + </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">Nd:YAG laser (</span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">174.16J/cm</span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">2</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">/cm</span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">2</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">/60s/non-contact) + polymerization. </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">Composite </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">were placed in the cavities and polymerized. The specimens were immersed in distilled water and stored in an oven at 37ºC for 24h and then submitted to nanoindentation in a Nano Indenter® XP appliance. </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US"><strong>Results</strong></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">: The results were submitted to ANOVA, Tukey’s test and Student's-</span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US"><em>t</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US"> test (p < 0.05). </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US"><strong>Conclusão: </strong></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">It was concluded that the application of the Nd:YAG laser in both adhesive systems did not changed the hybrid layer hardness; however, it increases the modulus of elasticity </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en">in the hybrid layer </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">for both adhesives tested and it maybe preserves the integrity of the adhesive interface and its durability.</span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US"><strong> Clinical relevance:</strong></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US"> The application of Nd:YAG laser prior to photopolymerization of adhesive systems can increase the modulus of elasticity </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en">in the hybrid layer and</span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US"> may contribute to stress distribution in the adhesive interface during the polymerization preserving the integrity of the adhesive interface and its durability.</span></span></span></p>
Current materials and techniques for direct restorations in posterior teeth: Part 1: silver amalgam
This paper, the first of two reviewing materials and techniques for direct intracoronal restorations in posterior teeth, deals with the use of silver amalgam. Based on a consensus view on appropriate applications and contraindications for silver amalgam, the toxicity of amalgam and competing materials, financial implications and international legislation, consideration is given to the continued use of this material. It is concluded that silver amalgam still has a place in everyday practice, albeit restricted in comparison to its former use. Amalgam should only be used where it offers clear advantages over other materials. This requirement for use of silver amalgam will continue until true substitutes are developed and evaluated, alternative materials are optimised and dentists are fully trained in the use of adhesive techniques.
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