Denver Papillae Protocol for Objective Analysis of Fungiform Papillae

community (citizen) science and crowdsourcing participants (human subjects). These crowdsourced participants provide a diverse sample for collecting taste and genetics data, and typically spend about 30 minutes in the Lab during enrollments. Alternatively, the community scientists invest a much more significant amount of time; they volunteer five hours weekly to train and then to assist in all aspects of the Lab's research, including data collection, DNA extraction, and manuscript preparation. This case study featuring the GOT Lab's pilot project, the Bitter Study, highlights three key topics: the ability to replicate established findings in the taste field using a community science model; the learning experiences of participants; and best practices and recommendations for other institutions that might wish to develop and implement a similar bi-level community-science model. Here we present data to illustrate that both the scientific and educational goals of community science and crowdsourcing are attainable within the same working space.

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“…Participants volunteered their time and gave written consent. For full scientific methodology, see Garneau et al 2014 andNuessle et al 2015.…”

Section: Materials and Methods For Crowdsourced Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Planning and Executing Scientifically Sound Community Science in a Public-Facing Institution

Nuessle

McNamara

Garneau

2020

CSTP

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“…Using published methods [11, 18] and prior to biopsy, we asked subjects to rate the intensity of several taste solutions, including phenylthiocarbamide (PTC), a ligand of the T2R38 receptor [4]. Each subject rated six taste solutions twice: water, PTC (180 μM), denatonium benzoate (1.8 μM), quinine (56 μM), sodium chloride (0.25 M) and sucrose (0.35 M).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tissue dependent expression of bitter receptorTAS2R38mRNA

Douglas

Lin

Mansfield

et al. 2018

Preprint

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TAS2R38 is a human bitter receptor gene with a common but inactive allele and people homozygous for the inactive form cannot perceive certain bitter compounds. The frequency of the inactive and active form of this receptor is nearly equal in many human populations and heterozygotes (with one copy of the active form and another copy of the inactive form) have the most common diplotype. However, heterozygotes differ markedly in their perception of bitterness, in part perhaps because of differences in TAS2R38 mRNA expression. Other tissues including the nasal sinuses express this receptor, where it contributes to pathogen defense. We asked whether heterozygotes with high TAS2R38 mRNA expression in taste tissue were also likely to express more TAS2R38 mRNA in sinonasal tissue. To that end, we measured TAS2R38 bitter taste receptor mRNA by qPCR in biopsied tissue, and learned that expression amount of one is not related to the other. We confirmed the general independence of expression in other tissue expressing TAS2R38 mRNA using autopsy data from the GTEx project. Taste tissue TAS2R38 mRNA expression among heterozygotes is unlikely to predict expression in other tissues, perhaps reflecting tissue-dependent function and hence regulation of this protein.

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“…The FP were counted inside each marked circle by two independent operators, according to Proserpio and colleagues [39]. The Denver Papillae Protocol [40] was followed to classify FP according to shape, color, size, and recession. The counts were submitted to one-way fixed ANOVA and were considered valid if the operator's effect was not significant (p > 0.05).…”

Section: Fp Densitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations Among Taste Perception, Food Neophobia and Preferences in Type 1 Diabetes Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study

et al. 2019

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Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is one of the most common systemic diseases in childhood which predisposes the patient to serious short-term and long-term complications, affecting all body systems. Taste and olfactory impairments were first described a long time ago in adult patients affected by diabetes (both type 1 and type 2 diabetes). However, studies evaluating taste perception, behavioral attitudes (e.g., food neophobia), and preferences toward foods in children and adolescents affected by T1D are globally lacking. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess taste sensitivity, food neophobia, and preferences among children and adolescents affected by T1D and healthy controls in a cross-sectional study. T1D patients presented a significantly lower ability in general to correctly identify taste qualities, especially bitter and sour tastes. Moreover, they were characterized by fewer fungiform papillae compared to controls, as well as a lower responsiveness to the bitter compound 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP). There were no significant differences in food neophobia scores between the two groups, but differences were observed in the mean hedonic ratings for some product categories investigated. Diabetic patients showed a greater liking for certain type of foods generally characterized by sourness and bitterness, an observation probably linked to their impaired ability to perceive taste stimuli, e.g., sourness and bitterness. These results may help to enhance the understanding of these relationships in populations with elevated diet-related health risks.Nutrients 2019, 11, 3052 2 of 12 showed that T1D was associated with a reduction in gustatory function [3,5,7], with impairments mostly found with respect to the sweet taste perception in comparison to other taste modalities [10,11]. In addition, Pavlidis and colleagues [12] found impairments in the density and morphology of the fungiform papillae (FP) among patients with diabetes, which are the gustatory anatomical structures containing taste buds.Data in the literature suggest that the inherited ability to perceive bitter thiourea compounds, such as 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP), may be a surrogate measure of taste perception and a marker for increased health risk. Variation in taste responsiveness to PROP has been linked to various health disorders, including obesity [13] and diabetes [14]. However, related data are still scarce and controversial, probably due to differences in the methodologies used to evaluate taste perception and the involved subjects (e.g., those affected by type 1 or type 2 diabetes).Contradictory results were also reported when the associations between taste impairment and metabolic control, disease duration, and the presence of diabetes-related complications were studied [10,11,15]. However, this field of research remains largely unexplored.Notably, to the best of our knowledge, studies evaluating taste perception in children and adolescents affected by T1D are lacking globally. Since T1D disease occurs mostly in this younger age group, knowled...

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Denver Papillae Protocol for Objective Analysis of Fungiform Papillae

Cited by 30 publications

References 20 publications

Planning and Executing Scientifically Sound Community Science in a Public-Facing Institution

Planning and Executing Scientifically Sound Community Science in a Public-Facing Institution

Tissue dependent expression of bitter receptorTAS2R38mRNA

Associations Among Taste Perception, Food Neophobia and Preferences in Type 1 Diabetes Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study

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