Deoxygenation of Bio‐oil from Calcium‐Rich Paper‐Mill Waste

Abstract

De-inking sludge, an ash-rich recycling paper solid waste, is generated in huge amounts. The catalytic deoxygenation potential of calcium-based de-inking sludge in co-pyrolysis mode with wood and its neat thermal conversion to sustainable biofuels are investigated. Wood, de-inking sludge, and their blends are processed in a thermocatalytic reforming (TCR) system. In the presence of de-inking sludge, the oxygen content in the organic phase decreases and the bio-oil calorific value improves as compared to the neat wood-derived bio-oil. The TCR processing of neat de-inking sludge produces a bio-oil with low oxygen content and higher calorific value.

Thermo-Catalytic Reforming (TCR)–An important link between waste management and renewable fuels as part of the energy transition

“…The intermediate pyrolysis step occurs at 400-500 • C in an auger reactor with solid residence times between 5 and 10 minutes in the TCR technology [32,33]. Biochar is being shaped during the intermediate biomass pyrolysis in the auger reactor, and then it is collected in the reforming reactor (fixed bed reactor).…”

Evaluation of Behavior of 13X Zeolite Modified with Transition Metals for Catalytic Applications

“…The liquid fraction obtained as a pyrolysis product is known as bio-oil and is a dark brown liquid that contains oxygenated compounds such as acids, alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, esters, and ketones [ 9 ]. Due to this composition, the bio-oil has undesirable properties such as high oxygen and water content, high acidity and viscosity, and low heating value that do not make it possible to use it directly as a fuel or as a fuel additive [ 10 – 12 ].…”