Department of energy sites suitable for electrokinetic remediation

Kelsh, D.J.; Parsons, Michael W.

doi:10.1016/s0304-3894(97)00019-8

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Complexant or surfactant addition can enhance mobilization through desorption and micelle formation. − Water is electrolyzed at the anode, producing hydrogen ions and decreasing the pH, while hydroxide ions are produced at the cathode and increase the pH. A number of reviews of the principles and technical challenges of electrokinetic remediation ,− and the applicability to DOE and other radionuclide sites − have been published. Scale-up from laboratory to field conditions has been problematic …”

Section: Remediation Optionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review: Technical and Policy Challenges in Deep Vadose Zone Remediation of Metals and Radionuclides

Dresel

Wellman

Cantrell

et al. 2011

Environ. Sci. Technol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Contamination in deep vadose zone environments is isolated from exposure so direct contact is not a factor in its risk to human health and the environment. Instead, movement of contamination to the groundwater creates the potential for exposure and risk to receptors. Limiting flux from contaminated vadose zone is key for protection of groundwater resources, thus the deep vadose zone is not necessarily considered a resource requiring restoration. Contaminant discharge to the groundwater must be maintained low enough by natural attenuation (e.g., adsorption processes or radioactive decay) or through remedial actions (e.g., contaminant mass reduction or mobility reduction) to meet the groundwater concentration goals. This paper reviews the major processes for deep vadose zone metal and radionuclide remediation that form the practical constraints on remedial actions. Remediation of metal and radionuclide contamination in the deep vadose zone is complicated by heterogeneous contaminant distribution and the saturation-dependent preferential flow in heterogeneous sediments. Thus, efforts to remove contaminants have generally been unsuccessful although partial removal may reduce downward flux. Contaminant mobility may be reduced through abiotic and biotic reactions or through physical encapsulation. Hydraulic controls may limit aqueous transport. Delivering amendments to the contaminated zone and verifying performance are challenges for remediation.

show abstract

Section: Remediation Optionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review: Technical and Policy Challenges in Deep Vadose Zone Remediation of Metals and Radionuclides

Dresel

Wellman

Cantrell

et al. 2011

Environ. Sci. Technol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Environmental Protection Agency 1997b;Alshawabkeh et al 1999;Paillat et al 2000;Page and Page 2002;Virkutyte et al 2002;Lageman et al 2005). Kelsh and Parsons (1997) reviewed DOE sites potentially amenable to electrokinetic remediation. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1993) included a review of electrokinetic remediation in an evaluation of remediation options for radionuclides.…”

Section: Electrokinetic Remediationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Remediation of Deep Vadose Zone Radionuclide and Metal Contamination: Status and Issues

Dresel¹,

Truex²,

Cantrell³

2008

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Table S.1. (contd) Technology Description State of Development Development Path Electrokinetic mobilization and recovery Application of an electric field in the soil induces contaminant mobilization through electromigration, electroosmosis, or electrophoresis. Particularly applicable to lowpermeability sediments. Method has been implemented in selected shallow vadose zone contaminant areas. Ability to deploy at depth and/or over large areas may be an issue. This area is not considered a high priority for R&D. Identify suitable chemical enhancements for particular applications if considering deployment on a site-specific basis. Hybrid electrokinetic delivery of treatment chemicals Mobilization of fluids to target areas by application of electric fields. Laboratory testing performed for reduction of chromate. Control of subsurface chemical conditions is critical. This area is a high priority for R&D applied to remedial design. Recommend further R&D for chemical fixation in low-permeability sediments and enhancement of other remediation systems. Hybrid electrokineticpermeable reductive barrier Electrical fields can enhance the reductive effectiveness of permeable barriers. Laboratory testing performed for reduction of chromate. Placement of electrodes and barriers in deep vadose zone may be problematic. May be useful in areas of low-permeability, high saturation sediments. This area is not considered a high priority for deep vadose zone R&D. Assess local geochemical and hydrological conditions when considering deployment on a site-specific basis. Enhanced Volatilization Volatilization by heating is limited to zero-valent mercury (Hg), organic mercury species, and potentially iodine-129. Hg(II) would have to be reduced to Hg(0) for volatilization. Conceptually simple but only laboratoryscale evaluations were found. This area is not considered a high priority for R&D. Assess local geochemical and hydrological conditions when considering deployment on a site-specific basis. viii Table S.1. (contd) Technology Description State of Development Development Path Enhanced Sorption Chemical manipulation of solution or solid surfaces to retard transport. Addition of materials to increase sorptive surfaces (altered mineralogy or particle size) or to alter aqueous speciation can retard chemical movement. Mature concept. Less fundamental information on desorption processes than for sorption. This area is not considered a high priority for R&D applied to remedial design. Fundamental research on desorption processes would be valuable. xiii Table S.1. (contd) Technology Description State of Development Development Path Hydraulic Control Caps and covers Caps and covers control infiltration and recharge, thus, reducing contaminant transport to the water table. Covers may be combined with other fixation technologies. Cap and cover technologies are well established but may need engineering for site-specific applications. This area is not considered a high priority for deep vadose zone R&D. Consider deployment on a site-specific basis. A...

show abstract

“…After the contaminants have been migrated to the electrodes, they can be removed from the subsurface by electroplating the electrodes, precipitation/coprecipitation in the vicinity of the electrodes, pumping through porous electrodes with an open-flow arrangement, complexation with ion exchange resins, or adsorption onto the electrodes. Kelsh and Parsons (1997) considered soils responsive to in situ electrokinetic extraction should possess these characteristics: (1) low hydraulic conductivity; (2) presence of water-soluble contaminants (poorly soluble contaminants may require addition of reagents to enhance solubility, for example, carbonate for uranium or surfactants for free phase organic); and (3) relatively low concentrations of ionic materials in the water (they are essential for electro-osmosis and needed to achieve power efficiency for electromigration). On the basis of these identified characteristics, they have tabulated descrip-tions of site geology/hydrology, and types and approximate concentrations of contaminants at 31 U.S. Department of Energy sites with contaminated soils that are likely to be responsive to electrokinetic remediation.…”

Section: Electrokinetic Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contaminant Extractability by Electrokinetics

Yeung

2006

Environmental Engineering Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Electrokinetic extraction is an emerging technology that has shown considerable potential for efficient and effective removal of both inorganic and organic contaminants from fine-grained soils of low hydraulic conductivity and large specific area when conditions are favorable. The cleanup technology is basically the application of a direct-current electric field across contaminated soils through electrodes installed in the subsurface. The contaminant is removed by (1) electro-osmotic advection of pore fluid flushing the contaminants; (2) ionic migration or electromigration of contaminants carrying charges; and (3) electrophoresis of charged colloidal-sized particles carrying contaminants. However, many complicated electrochemical phenomena that can change the electrokinetic properties of soil particles and the chemistry of pore fluid occur simultaneously. The resulting soil-chemical interactions may enhance or inhibit the extractability of contaminants by electrokinetics, as various electrochemical processes are dynamic, reversible, and interdependent. The impacts of these phenomena on contaminant extractability by electrokinetics are discussed in this paper. A comprehensive list of useful references on electrokinetic extraction is also included for use by readers interested in the subject.

show abstract

Department of energy sites suitable for electrokinetic remediation

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

Review: Technical and Policy Challenges in Deep Vadose Zone Remediation of Metals and Radionuclides

Review: Technical and Policy Challenges in Deep Vadose Zone Remediation of Metals and Radionuclides

Remediation of Deep Vadose Zone Radionuclide and Metal Contamination: Status and Issues

Contaminant Extractability by Electrokinetics

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About