Dependence of c-fos Expression on Amplitude of High-Frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation in a Rodent Model

Wireless Epidural Electrical Stimulation in Combination With Serotonin Agonists Improves Intraspinal Metabolism in Spinal Cord Injury Rats

“…Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). In this pilot feasibility study, no statistical methods were employed to predetermine the sample size; nonetheless, our sample size was similar to those reported in previous studies that used similar EES procedures (4,6,7,27,39‐43). Locomotor performance and basal metabolism were compared between control groups using one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's multiple comparison test.…”

Active Recharge Burst and Tonic Spinal Cord Stimulation Engage Different Supraspinal Mechanisms: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study in Peripherally Injured Chronic Neuropathic Rats

“…Passive recharge burst SCS was able to significantly decrease firing rates following a noxious pinch; this was not observed for active recharge burst SCS 46 . However, because amplitudes at 90% motor threshold are well above the perception threshold, 47,48 a direct comparison of active recharge burst and passive recharge burst at clinically relevant amplitudes has still not been studied. In addition, the study used a monopolar cathode, which yields a different field shape compared to the bipole that is commonly used clinically.…”

Fiber Threshold Accommodation as a Mechanism of Burst and High-Frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation

“…The accommodation theory does not preclude effects predicted by theories that 1‐10 kHz stimulation at apparently very low amplitudes has a direct inhibitory effect on dorsal horn pain circuitry or stimulates dorsal root axons . These “direct effect” theories, however, would seem to affect only the local single spinal segment and therefore analgesia would be limited to one dermatome or very few and not yield the broad dermatome coverage seen clinically in HFS and burst.…”