Dependence of PEM fuel cell performance on catalyst loading

Gasteiger, Hubert A.; Panels, Jeanne E; Yan, Shuai

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.09.013

Cited by 642 publications

(432 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The thin film method is commonly used in the fabrication of the catalyst http://repository.uwc.ac.za layer. This method involves an electrocatalyst slurry (solvent, ionomer & electrocatalyst/support powder) that is used to coat either the GDL (CCS) or the membrane (CCM) [108]. It has been shown that this method decreases interfacial resistance and increased platinum utilization by providing good contact between the catalyst particles and the ionomer allowing for a higher Triple Phase Boundary (TPB).…”

Section: Mea Manufacturementioning

confidence: 99%

High temperature (HT) polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) – A review

Chandan

Hattenberger

El-Kharouf

et al. 2013

Journal of Power Sources

824

444

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One possible solution of combating issues posed by climate change is the use of the High Temperature (HT) Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell (FC) in some applications. The typical HT-PEMFC operating temperatures are in the range of 100e200 o C which allows for co-generation of heat and power, high tolerance to fuel impurities and simpler system design. This paper reviews the current literature concerning the HT-PEMFC, ranging from cell materials to stack and stack testing. Only acid doped PBI membranes meet the US DOE (Department of Energy) targets for high temperature membranes operating under no humidification on both anode and cathode sides (barring the durability). This eliminates the stringent requirement for humidity however, they have many potential drawbacks including increased degradation, leaching of acid and incompatibility with current state-of-the-art fuel cell materials. In this type of fuel cell, the choice of membrane material determines the other fuel cell component material composition, for example when using an acid doped system, the flow field plate material must be carefully selected to take into account the advanced degradation. Novel research is required in all aspects of the fuel cell components in order to ensure that they meet stringent durability requirements for mobile applications.

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Section: Mea Manufacturementioning

confidence: 99%

High temperature (HT) polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) – A review

Chandan

Hattenberger

El-Kharouf

et al. 2013

Journal of Power Sources

824

444

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) at the anode, a negligible overpotential loss was achieved with pure hydrogen using 50 mg cm À 2 Pt NPs 12,13 . However, the challenge remains in employing inexpensive reformate hydrogen, wherein the p.p.m.-level of carbon monoxide (CO) impurities can severely deactivate the Pt catalysts [14][15][16] .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ordered bilayer ruthenium–platinum core-shell nanoparticles as carbon monoxide-tolerant fuel cell catalysts

et al. 2013

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Fabricating subnanometre-thick core-shell nanocatalysts is effective for obtaining high surface area of an active metal with tunable properties. The key to fully realize the potential of this approach is a reliable synthesis method to produce atomically ordered core-shell nanoparticles. Here we report new insights on eliminating lattice defects in core-shell syntheses and opportunities opened for achieving superior catalytic performance. Ordered structural transition from ruthenium hcp to platinum fcc stacking sequence at the core-shell interface is achieved via a green synthesis method, and is verified by X-ray diffraction and electron microscopic techniques coupled with density functional theory calculations. The single crystalline Ru cores with well-defined Pt bilayer shells resolve the dilemma in using a dissolution-prone metal, such as ruthenium, for alleviating the deactivating effect of carbon monoxide, opening the door for commercialization of low-temperature fuel cells that can use inexpensive reformates (H 2 with CO impurity) as the fuel. O ne major goal in electrocatalysis studies is to produce highly active, durable catalysts, while minimizing the use of precious noble metals, especially platinum (Pt). This is the key requirement for the large-scale commercialization of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells 1,2 . An effective approach is to fabricate core-shell nanoparticles (NPs) that have active, corrosion-resistant Pt atoms on the surface, with tunable reactivity through their interactions with other metal cores to assure optimal catalytic performances. At the cathode, Pt monolayer (ML) catalysts with Pd or Pd 9 Au alloy cores exhibited enhanced activity and durability for the oxygen reduction reaction compared with Pt NPs 3 . Furthermore, both experimental and theoretical studies verified that lattice contraction 4-7 , high-coordination (111) facets 8-10 and smooth surface morphology 11 are beneficial structural factors in enhancing oxygen reduction reaction activity and the catalysts' durability.For the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) at the anode, a negligible overpotential loss was achieved with pure hydrogen using 50 mg cm À 2 Pt NPs 12,13 . However, the challenge remains in employing inexpensive reformate hydrogen, wherein the p.p.m.-level of carbon monoxide (CO) impurities can severely deactivate the Pt catalysts [14][15][16] . In addition, although the anode operates at relatively low potentials, its nanocatalysts must be dissolution resistant because of the high potentials experienced during startups and shutdowns 17,18 . For developing CO-tolerant HOR catalysts, ruthenium (Ru) was used to support spontaneously deposited sub-ML Pt 19,20 . With about a one-to two-ML-thick Ru(core)-Pt(shell) (denoted as Ru@Pt) NPs, theoretical calculations and temperatureprogrammed measurements showed preferential CO oxidation in hydrogen feeds on Ru@Pt NPs compared with that of Ru-Pt nano-alloys 21 and of Pt shells with other metal core 22 . Besides being a promoter of CO tolerance of Pt surface, Ru ...

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“…Though several methods have been proposed in the literature to deconvolute polarization curves into these constituents, one of the most straightforward methodologies to apply was published by Gasteiger et al 29 in 2004. Their approach was adapted for use in this work, which is briefly described below.…”

Section: Quantitative Analysis Of Aemfc Polarization Curvesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies for Reducing the PGM Loading in High Power AEMFC Anodes

Omasta

Zhang²,

Park

et al. 2018

ECS Trans.

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Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (AEMFCs) have experienced a significant rise in attention in recent years, largely motivated by the potential to overcome the costs that have plateaued for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. However, despite significant advances in power generation, membrane conductivity, membrane stability, and catalyst activity, the vast majority of high performing AEMFCs are fabricated with a high PGM loading (0.4-0.8 mg cm −2 ). This work demonstrates an electrode fabrication method that reduces the anode catalyst loading by 85% while still achieving performance ca. 1 W cm −2 -accomplished by designing a multilayered electrode comprised of an optimized ionomer:carbon:PGM ratio catalyst layer coupled with a hydrophobic microporous layer. If paired with a high-performing PGM-free cathode, this new anode shows the potential to meet existing DOE PGM loading and performance targets. Anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) have received significant attention in recent years as a potentially lower cost electrochemical energy conversion device than proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs).1-3 There have been several major advancements in the materials and operational understanding of the AEMFC in the past few years, which have allowed AEMFCs to close the performance gap with PEMFCs. Improvements in membrane stability and conductivity have been at the forefront of the material improvements, with conductivities rivaling Nafion, 4-10 and an increasing number of membranes showing stability in highly alkaline environments (up to 2 M KOH at 80• C) for 100s or even 1000s of hours. [8][9][10][11][12][13] Additionally, catalyst layer engineering that allows for improved water management, both on the macro-scale 14 and on the micro-scale, 15 has led to AEMFCs that are able to achieve peak power densities nearing 2 W cm −2 and demonstrate operational stability exceeding 500 hours. These are crucial steps toward the realization of commercially viable AEMFCs; however, there remain additional hurdles to overcome, specifically AEMFCs with low platinum group metal (PGM) loadings that are able to not only achieve high power densities but sustain them over long term operation. 12In order to reduce the PGM loading in operating AEMFCs, there will need to be at least some development of non-PGM catalysts. Due to differences in the water dissociation behavior in alkaline media, 16 the kinetics for the hydrogen oxidation reaction are hindered in alkaline media compared to acid media. 17 The opposite is true of the oxygen reduction reaction at the cathode; therefore, it is more likely that the AEMFC will see a high performance PGM-free cathode electrode. Indeed, some very promising catalysts have already been identified. 3,[18][19][20][21][22][23] However, at the AEMFC anode, it is very likely (akin to the PEMFC cathode) that it will be difficult to move completely away from PGM-based catalysts, though this is presently an active area for research.24,25 Therefore, it is important for researchers in the field to ...

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Dependence of PEM fuel cell performance on catalyst loading

Cited by 642 publications

References 13 publications

High temperature (HT) polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) – A review

High temperature (HT) polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) – A review

Ordered bilayer ruthenium–platinum core-shell nanoparticles as carbon monoxide-tolerant fuel cell catalysts

Strategies for Reducing the PGM Loading in High Power AEMFC Anodes

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