“…Exploratory endeavors are underway globally to investigate alternative approaches to mitigate these challenges. One prominent approach is rooted in solid-phase adsorption, in which REE ions in solution are captured by a solid adsorbent; this approach not only generates reduced waste but also bears the advantage that the adsorbate, including silica, − graphene, iron oxide nanoparticles, zeolites, , metal–organic frameworks, , hydroxyapatite composites, , etc., can be used iteratively, unlike the liquid-phase separation that requires single-use but costly chelating agents.…”