The
tunable properties of surface-active ionic liquids (SAILs)
and Pluronics are dramatically magnified by combining them in aqueous
solutions. The thermo-controlled character of both, essential in the
extraction of valuable compounds, can be fine-tuned by properly selecting
the Pluronic and SAIL nature. However, further understanding of the
nanoscale interactions directing the aggregation in these complex
mixtures is needed to effectively design and control these systems.
In this work, a simple and transferable coarse-grained model for molecular
dynamics simulations, based on the MARTINI force field, is presented
to study the impact of SAILs in Pluronics aggregation in aqueous solutions.
The diverse amphiphilic characteristics and micelle morphologies were
exemplified by selecting four archetypical nonionic Pluronicstwo
normal, L-31 and L-35, and two reverse, 10R5 and 31R1. The impact
of the alkyl chain length and the headgroup nature were evaluated
with the imidazolium-based [C10mim]Cl and [C14mim]Cl and phosphonium-based [P4,4,4,14]Cl SAILs. Cloud
point temperature (CPT) measurements at different Pluronic concentrations
with 0.3 wt % of SAIL in aqueous solution emphasized the distinct
impact of SAIL nature on the thermo-response behavior. The main effect
of SAIL addition to nonionic Pluronics aqueous solutions is the formation
of Pluronic/SAIL hybrid micelles, where the presence of SAIL molecules
introduces a charged character to the micelle surface. Thus, additional
energy is necessary to induce micelle aggregation, leading to the
observed increase in the experimental CPT curves. The SAIL showed
a relatively weak impact in Pluronic micelles with relatively high
PPG hydrophobic content, whereas this effect was more evident when
the Pluronic hydrophobic/hydrophilic strength is balanced. A detailed
analysis of the Pluronic/SAIL micelle density profiles showed that
the phosphonium head groups were positioned inside the micelle core,
whereas smaller imidazolium head groups were placed much closer to
the hydrophilic PEG corona, leading to a distinct effect on the cloud
point temperature for those two classes of SAILs. Herein, the phosphonium-based
SAIL induces a lower repulsion between neighboring micelles than the
imidazolium-based SAILs, resulting in a less pronounced increase of
the CPT. The model presented here offers, for the first time, an intuitive
and powerful tool to unravel the complex thermo-response behavior
of Pluronic and SAIL mixtures and support the design of tailor-made
thermal controlled solvents.