Dependency of Colorectal Cancer on a TGF-β-Driven Program in Stromal Cells for Metastasis Initiation

Calon, Alexandre; Espinet, Elisa; Palomo-Ponce, Sergio; Tauriello, Daniele V.F.; Iglesias, Mar; Céspedes, María Virtudes; Sevillano, Marta; Nadal, Cristina; Jung, Peter; Zhang, Xiang H.-F.; Byrom, Daniel; Riéra, Antoni; Rossell, David; Mangues, Ramón; Massagué, Joan; Sancho, Elena; Batlle, Eduard

doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2012.08.013

Cited by 933 publications

(939 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Our results indicate that the tumor-initiating Apc mutation increases the sensitivity to TGF-β-induced cell death, whereas the KRas progression mutation increases resistance to cell death both ex vivo and in vivo. This is consistent with the fact that stromal cellderived TGF-β promotes CRC progression only at later stages of the disease via a mesenchyme-dependent mechanism (29). Our results further support the view that oncogenic progression gradually converts proapoptotic TGF-β signals to mechanisms that fuel tumor growth and metastasis (30).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Oncogenic mutations in intestinal adenomas regulate Bim-mediated apoptosis induced by TGF-β

Wiener

Band

Kallio

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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In the majority of microsatellite-stable colorectal cancers (CRCs), an initiating mutation occurs in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) or β-catenin gene, activating the β-catenin/TCF pathway. The progression of resulting adenomas is associated with oncogenic activation of KRas and inactivation of the p53 and TGF-β/Smad functions. Most established CRC cell lines contain mutations in the TGF-β/Smad pathway, but little is known about the function of TGF-β in the early phases of intestinal tumorigenesis. We used mouse and human ex vivo 3D intestinal organoid cultures and in vivo mouse models to study the effect of TGF-β on the Lgr5 + intestinal stem cells and their progeny in intestinal adenomas. We found that the TGF-β-induced apoptosis in Apc-mutant organoids, including the Lgr5 + stem cells, was mediated by up-regulation of the BH3-only proapoptotic protein Bcl-2-like protein 11 (Bim). BH3-mimetic compounds recapitulated the effect of Bim not only in the adenomas but also in human CRC organoids that had lost responsiveness to TGF-β-induced apoptosis. However, wild-type intestinal crypts were markedly less sensitive to TGF-β than Apcmutant adenomas, whereas the KRas oncogene increased resistance to TGF-β via the activation of the Erk1/2 kinase pathway, leading to Bim down-regulation. Our studies identify Bim as a critical mediator of TGF-β-induced apoptosis in intestinal adenomas and show that the common progression mutations modify Bim levels and sensitivity to TGF-β during intestinal adenoma development.A ctivation of the β-catenin/TCF transcription factor (Wnt) pathway is the initiating event in the majority of human colorectal cancers (CRCs) and one of the key regulators of CRC pathogenesis (1, 2). The β-catenin level in cells is controlled through a multiprotein complex that contains the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) protein. In 70-80% of individuals suffering from the sporadic version of CRC, both APC alleles are mutated and thus inactivated, resulting in elevated nuclear β-catenin levels (1). Recently, the intestinal stem cells have been identified as the cells of origin of CRC (3, 4).According to the model presented by Fearon and Vogelstein (5), the initiating APC or CTNNB1 mutation is followed by oncogenic activation of the KRAS gene and inactivation of the TGF-β signal transduction pathway and the TP53 tumor suppressor. Recent genome-wide analysis by the Cancer Genome Atlas Network has demonstrated the high frequency of mutations in the β-catenin/TCF, TGF-β, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and p53 pathways in CRC (6). Full understanding of the roles of the driver mutations in colorectal tumors has been hampered by lack of appropriate ex vivo model systems for studies of CRC progression, and thus it has been difficult to study the effects of TGF-β in intestinal adenoma cells at the early stages of tumor development. Although TGF-β receptors have been deleted in Apc-mutant mouse models of CRC (7,8), these studies do not reveal the mechanism of TGF-β action in intestinal adenomas or give further i...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Oncogenic mutations in intestinal adenomas regulate Bim-mediated apoptosis induced by TGF-β

Wiener

Band

Kallio

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…HT29 M6 cells do not express Smad4, rendering this cell line unresponsive to TGF-b (24). Therefore, we decided to analyze whether NKG2DL expression is also modulated during EMT driven by TGF-b in HaCaT immortalized keratinocytes, which are responsive to this cytokine.…”

Section: Expression Of Nkg2dls Is Induced Upon Tgf-b-driven Emtmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition Induces an Antitumor Immune Response Mediated by NKG2D Receptor

López‐Soto

Huergo-Zapico

Galván

et al. 2013

The Journal of Immunology

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Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a morphogenetic process characterized by the acquisition of mesenchymal properties linked with an invasive phenotype and metastasis of tumor cells. NK group 2, member D (NKG2D) is an NK cell–activating receptor crucially involved in cancer immunosurveillance. In this study, we show that induction of EMT by TGF-β stimulation of human keratinocytes, by glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibition in several epithelial tumor cell lines, and by Snail1 overexpression in colorectal cancer cells strongly upregulated the expression of NKG2D ligands (NKG2DLs), MHC class I chain–related molecules A and B (MICA/B) and ULBP1-3. Overexpression of Snail1 and inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3β in colorectal tumor cells markedly induced the activity of Sp1 transcription factor, which plays a key role in the upregulation of NKG2DL expression during EMT. The stimulation of MICA/B expression by TGF-β treatment was independent of Sp1, but it involved posttranslational mechanisms mediated by mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. Accordingly, with the increased expression of NKG2DLs, triggering of EMT rendered cancer cells more susceptible to NKG2D-mediated killing by NK cells. In agreement, MICA/B were expressed in vivo in well-differentiated colorectal tumors with retained epithelial characteristics, whereas no expression of MICA/B was detected in poorly differentiated and invasive colorectal tumors that have lost epithelial characteristics. This decrease of MICA/B expression was associated with a dramatic increase of NKG2D+-tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. Overall, our findings indicate that EMT is a relevant checkpoint in the control of tumor progression through NKG2D-mediated immune responses.

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“…CAFs have been identified as potent stimulators of cancer metastasis (102,103). They contribute to remodeling of the tumor microenvironment and promote its stiffness mediating a mesenchymal phenotype in epithelial cells by loosing their cell-cell junctions and polarity (104,105).…”

Section: Exosome Mediated Interplay Between Tumor Cells With Fibroblamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Multiple Roles of Exosomes in Metastasis

Weidle

Birzele

Kollmorgen

et al. 2017

CGP

168

133

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Abstract. Exosomes are important contributors to cellMetastases are responsible for the death of a large majority of cancer patients despite considerable progress in surgical techniques, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and targeted therapies including immuno-therapy (1). A dramatic reduction of metastatic burden has been observed, however, tumor elimination is almost always incomplete. This phenomenon is based on drug resistance, which is due to adaptation of intracellular pathways or on activation of survival-supporting autocrine and paracrine pathways and several secreted factors expressed by drug-sensitive tumor cells after therapy (2). Metastasis can occur through release of cancer cells from the primary tumor into body cavities that holds true for ovarian and CNS tumors, or via hematogeneous and lymphatic vessels of the circulatory system (3). Metastases of some tumors are directed besides to lymph nodes to mainly one type of organ only, such as prostate cancer to the bones, pancreatic cancer and uveal melanoma to the liver, whereas tumors such as melanoma, breast-and lung cancer can colonize several types of organs (3). Tumor cells have been found in the blood of patients with early-stage cancer and in some cases even before the primary tumor has been diagnosed (4, 5). Recently, making use of single-cell expression profiling, it has been shown that early metastatic cells possess a stem-like gene signature and give rise to heterogeneous metastases (6). The metastatic process is characterized by a defined sequence of events (7,8). Initial steps are detachment from the extracellular matrix (ECM), invasion into the surrounding tissue and proteolysis of the basement membrane. After intravasation, survival of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is achieved by forming clusters, binding to platelets and immune evasion. Subsequently, they arrest in distal microvascular beds and extravasation can be achieved either by migration through intercellular junctions of endothelial cells (EC) or penetration of a single EC (9). CTCs can also colonize their tumors of origin, a process referred to as "tumor self-seeding", selecting for cancer cell populations more aggressive than those present in the primary tumor (10). After extravasation, colonization and outgrowth in the parenchyma of distant organs are the following steps. A common theme of the metastatic process is settlement of disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) into latency (dormancy), which can last from several months to decades (11). It has been observed that DTCs are recruited into pre-metastatic niches that support their survival by interactions with endothelial, myeloid cells, fibroblasts and other types of cells. After adaptation to the host microenvironment and suppression of an anti-tumoral immune response, DTCs are activated by not yet completely resolved mechanisms. Finally their outgrowth is based on an angiogenic switch mediated by pro-angiogenic factors and establishment of a vascular network to support the metabolic demands of colonizing tumor cells (12). In the follo...

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Dependency of Colorectal Cancer on a TGF-β-Driven Program in Stromal Cells for Metastasis Initiation

Cited by 933 publications

References 49 publications

Oncogenic mutations in intestinal adenomas regulate Bim-mediated apoptosis induced by TGF-β

Oncogenic mutations in intestinal adenomas regulate Bim-mediated apoptosis induced by TGF-β

Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition Induces an Antitumor Immune Response Mediated by NKG2D Receptor

The Multiple Roles of Exosomes in Metastasis

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