Dependency of the fatty acid composition of Euglena gracilis on growth phase and culture conditions

Schwarzhans, Jan Philipp; Cholewa, Dominik; Grimm, Philipp; Beshay, Usama; Risse, Joe Max; Friehs, Karl; Flaschel, Erwin

doi:10.1007/s10811-014-0458-4

Cited by 45 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Therefore, the impact of IAA might be more severe than that of cocultivation, although both treatments lead to the transition of the cell morphology to rounded forms. Rounder E. gracilis cells reportedly accumulate more paramylon, compared to rod-like cells (41). This is consistent with the data obtained in the present study, in which cocultivation resulted in an increase in paramylon production ( Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

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Improvement of Euglena gracilis Paramylon Production through a Cocultivation Strategy with the Indole-3-Acetic Acid-Producing Bacterium Vibrio natriegens

Kim

Jeon

et al. 2019

Appl Environ Microbiol

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We investigated the putative effects on the growth and paramylon production of Euglena gracilis of cocultivation with Vibrio natriegens. E. gracilis heterotrophically cocultivated with V. natriegens displayed significant increases in biomass productivity and paramylon content. In addition, the effects of the bacterial inoculum density and the timing of inoculation on the growth of E. gracilis were examined, to determine the optimal conditions for cocultivation. With the optimal deployment of V. natriegens, biomass productivity and paramylon content were increased by more than 20% and 35%, respectively, compared to those in axenic E. gracilis cultures. Interestingly, indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesized by V. natriegens was responsible for these enhancements of E. gracilis. The morphology of cocultured E. gracilis cells was assessed. Paramylon granules extracted from the cocultivation were significantly larger than those from axenic culture. Our study showed that screening for appropriate bacteria and subsequent cocultivation with E. gracilis represented an effective way to enhance biomass and metabolite production. IMPORTANCE Euglena gracilis has attracted special interest due to its ability to excessively accumulate paramylon. Paramylon is a linear β-1,3-glucan polysaccharide that is the principal polymer for energy storage in E. gracilis. The polysaccharide features high bioactive functionality in the immune system. This study explored a new method to enhance the production of paramylon by E. gracilis, through cocultivation with the indole-3-acetic acid-producing bacterium Vibrio natriegens. The enhanced production was achieved indirectly with the phytohormone-producing bacteria, instead of direct application of the hormone. The knowledge obtained in this study furthers the understanding of the effects of V. natriegens on the growth and physiology of E. gracilis.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…E. gracilis displays diverse cell shapes, which change rapidly in response to environmental cues, external stimuli, and the biological circadian clock (38)(39)(40)(41). Interestingly, treatment with exogenous IAA and cocultivation with V. natriegens also changed the cell shape of E. gracilis to a more rounded form (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvement of Euglena gracilis Paramylon Production through a Cocultivation Strategy with the Indole-3-Acetic Acid-Producing Bacterium Vibrio natriegens

Kim

Jeon

et al. 2019

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…It has also been reported that the amount of specific fatty acids was related to the growth phase in various algal strains (Bigogno et al 2002;Mansour et al 2003;Tonon et al 2002). Schwarzhans et al (2015) analyzed the amounts of 22 fatty acids in Euglena grown under heterotrophic and photoheterotrophic conditions in media containing various concentration of glucose and proteose peptone in aerobiosis. Under either the heterotrophic or photoheterotrophic conditions, the most abundant fatty acids were myristic acid (C 14:0 ) and palmitic acid (C 16:0 ), accounting for about 50% of the total fatty acids.…”

Section: Optimization Of Culture Conditions For Enhanced Wax Ester Prmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wax Ester Fermentation and Its Application for Biofuel Production

Inui

Ishikawa

Tamoi

2017

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

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In Euglena cells under anaerobic conditions, paramylon, the storage polysaccharide, is promptly degraded and converted to wax esters. The wax esters synthesized are composed of saturated fatty acids and alcohols with chain lengths of 10-18, and the major constituents are myristic acid and myristyl alcohol. Since the anaerobic cells gain ATP through the conversion of paramylon to wax esters, the phenomenon is named "wax ester fermentation". The wax ester fermentation is quite unique in that the end products, i.e. wax esters, have relatively high molecular weights, are insoluble in water, and accumulate in the cells, in contrast to the common fermentation end products such as lactic acid and ethanol.A unique metabolic pathway involved in the wax ester fermentation is the mitochondrial fatty acid synthetic system. In this system, fatty acid are synthesized by the reversal of β-oxidation with an exception that trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase functions instead of acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. Therefore, acetyl-CoA is directly used as a C donor in this fatty acid synthesis, and the conversion of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, which requires ATP, is not necessary. Consequently, the mitochondrial fatty acid synthetic system makes possible the net gain of ATP through the synthesis of wax esters from paramylon. In addition, acetyl-CoA is provided in the anaerobic cells from pyruvate by the action of a unique enzyme, oxygen sensitive pyruvate:NADP oxidoreductase, instead of the common pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex.Wax esters produced by anaerobic Euglena are promising biofuels because myristic acid (C) in contrast to other algal produced fatty acids, such as palmitic acid (C) and stearic acid (C), has a low freezing point making it suitable as a drop-in jet fuel. To improve wax ester production, the molecular mechanisms by which wax ester fermentation is regulated in response to aerobic and anaerobic conditions have been gradually elucidated by identifying individual genes related to the wax ester fermentation metabolic pathway and by comprehensive gene/protein expression analysis. In addition, expression of the cyanobacterial Calvin cycle fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase/sedohepturose-1,7-bisphosphatase, in Euglena provided photosynthesis resulting in increased paramylon accumulation enhancing wax ester production. This chapter will discuss the biochemistry of the wax ester fermentation, recent advances in our understanding of the regulation of the wax ester fermentation and genetic engineering approaches to increase production of wax esters for biofuels.

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“…In our previous study (Tossavainen et al 2017), the growth rate of Selenastrum sp., grown in various composting fluids, was 0.34-0.68 day −1 . Furthermore, euglenoids are producers of LC-PUFAs (Korn 1964;Schwarzhans et al 2015;Tossavainen et al 2018). The most abundant FAs in green algae are palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2(n-6), LA), and linolenic acid (C18:3(n-3), ALA), whereas green algae are not able to synthesize LC-PUFAs (Taipale et al 2013;Tossavainen et al 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated utilization of microalgae cultured in aquaculture wastewater: wastewater treatment and production of valuable fatty acids and tocopherols

et al. 2018

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Microalgal cultivation in aquaculture wastewater (AWW) from recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) is an approach for combined production of valuable algal biomass and AWW treatment. The growth, nutrient uptake, fatty acid (FA) profile, and tocopherol content of mixed algal cultures of Euglena gracilis with Selenastrum grown in AWWs from pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) and catfish (Clarias anguillaris) RAS were studied. The highest algal biomass (1.5 g L −1), lipid (84.9 mg L −1), and tocopherol (877.2 μg L −1) yields were achieved in sludge-amended pike perch AWW. Nutrient removal rates in experiments were 98.9-99.5 and 98.4-99.8% for NH 4-N and PO 4-P, and 75.4-89.2% and 84.3-95.7% for TN and TP, respectively, whereas the COD was reduced by 45.8-67.6%. Biomass EPA and DHA content met, while ARA and tocopherol content exceeded the requirements for fish feed. Algal cultivation in AWWs is a promising alternative for AWW treatment while providing a replacement for fish oil in feed.

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Dependency of the fatty acid composition of Euglena gracilis on growth phase and culture conditions

Cited by 45 publications

References 67 publications

Improvement of Euglena gracilis Paramylon Production through a Cocultivation Strategy with the Indole-3-Acetic Acid-Producing Bacterium Vibrio natriegens

Improvement of Euglena gracilis Paramylon Production through a Cocultivation Strategy with the Indole-3-Acetic Acid-Producing Bacterium Vibrio natriegens

Wax Ester Fermentation and Its Application for Biofuel Production

Integrated utilization of microalgae cultured in aquaculture wastewater: wastewater treatment and production of valuable fatty acids and tocopherols

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