Depletion of Antibiotics from the Mammary Gland of Goats

Long, Panpan; Heavner, J. E.; Gil, Ziv; Geleta, J. N.; Nepote, Kathy

doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(84)81357-0

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Data describing depletion of OTC in goat milk in the published literature are scarce. Two studies (Hill et al, 1984;Long et al, 1984) involve intramammary administration and are not relevant to the present study. A brief communication by Reja et al (1994) reported OTC milk residues of 0.459 p.p.m.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum pharmacokinetics and tissue and milk residues of oxytetracycline in goats following a single intramuscular injection of a long‐acting preparation and milk residues following a single subcutaneous injection

Payne

Babish

Bulgin

et al. 2002

Vet Pharm & Therapeutics

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Separate groups of goats were used to determine drug depletion patterns in serum (n=10), tissue (n=20) and milk (n=8) following a single intramuscular (i.m.) dose of 20 mg/kg of a long-acting oxytetracycline (OTC) formulation (Liquamycin LA-200). Milk residues were also determined following a subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of the same product at the same dose. Serum samples were taken for 24 h post-treatment and tissues (fat, liver, kidney, muscle and injection site) collected at 4, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days following injection. Milk from lactating goats was collected every 12 h for 8 days following both the i.m. and s.c. treatments utilizing an intervening 5-week washout period. Residues in serum and tissue were measured using a microbial inhibition assay, while milk residues were measured using both a microbial inhibition assay and a validated HPLC method. The serum pharmacokinetic parameters of OTC in goats were determined, with a mean AUC=67.4 microg h/mL, mean terminal half-life=14.4 h, and apparent clearance=0.33 L/kg h. Tissue half-lives could not be determined with confidence because the collection times provided only two points at which residues could be measured for most tissues. Oxytetracycline residues in all goat tissue samples measured less then cattle tissue tolerance by 96 h postdosing. One-compartment model describing milk depletion data for i.m. and s.c. dosing had terminal slope half-lives of 20.1 and 36.1 h, respectively. By 96 h post-treatment none of the milk samples contained OTC residues in excess of the cattle milk tolerance (0.3 p.p.m.). For both milk and tissue, the upper-bound 99% confidence intervals for the samples taken from goats 96 h postdosing were lower than approved cow milk and tissue tolerances.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum pharmacokinetics and tissue and milk residues of oxytetracycline in goats following a single intramuscular injection of a long‐acting preparation and milk residues following a single subcutaneous injection

Payne

Babish

Bulgin

et al. 2002

Vet Pharm & Therapeutics

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“…Also, some chemicals, such as active ingredients and excipients of intra-mammary therapeutic preparations, can increase the SCC (Long et al, 1984).…”

Section: Non-infectious Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors affecting somatic cell count in dairy goats: a review

Jiménez-Granado

Sánchez-Rodríguez

Arce

et al. 2014

Span. j. agric. res.

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Somatic cell count (SCC) in monitoring udder health has been described in numerous studies as a useful method for the diagnosis of intramammary infection (IMI), and it is considered in standards of quality and hygiene of cow's milk in many countries. However, several authors have questioned the validity of SCC as a reliable IMI diagnosis tool in dairy goats. This review attempts to reflect the importance of different infectious and non-infectious factors that can modify SCC values in goat milk, and must, therefore, be taken into account when using the SCC as a tool in the improvement of udder health and the quality of milk in this species. In dairy goats, some investigations have shown that mammary bacterial infections are a major cause of increased SCC and loss of production. In goats however, the relationship between bacterial infections and SCC values is not as simple as in dairy cattle, since non-infectious factors also have a big impact on SCC. Intrinsic factors are those that depend directly on the animal: time and number of lactation (higher SCC late in lactation and in aged goats), prolificity (higher SCC in multiple births), milking time (higher SCC in evening compared to morning milking) and number of milkings per day, among others. Extrinsic factors include: milking routine (lower SCC in machine than in manual milking), seasonality and food. In addition, milk secretion in goats is mostly apocrine and therefore characterized by the presence of epithelial debris or cytoplasmic particles, which makes the use of DNA specific counters mandatory. All this information is of interest in order to correctly interpret the SCC in goat milk and to establish differential SCC standards.Additional key words: infectious and non-infectious factors; milk quality; mastitis; benchmarking.

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“…substance in the bovine (Long et al, 1984;Buswell et al, 1989;Karzis et al, 2007). Another study examining the elimination of flunixin by oral, intramuscular, and intravenous routes of administration found very similar pharmacokinetics in goats and cattle (Königsson et al, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hot topic: Milk and plasma disposition of thymol following intramammary administration of a phytoceutical mastitis treatment

McPhee

Anderson

Yeatts

et al. 2011

Journal of Dairy Science

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Despite the recent growth of the organic dairy industry, organic producers and veterinarians have limited information when choosing mastitis treatments for animals in organic dairy production. Organic producers commonly administer homeopathic or other plant-based products without having research evaluating the efficacy of these products and using estimated or no withholding times to treat mastitis and other health problems in their herds. In this pilot study, we attempted to identify several active ingredients of Phyto-Mast (Penn Dutch Cow Care, Narvon, PA), a plant-based mastitis treatment used on organic dairy farms, and to quantify the product residue in milk and plasma after intramammary administration. We developed an assay to quantify thymol (one of the active ingredients in Phyto-Mast) in milk and plasma using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thymol is a volatile aromatic compound with antiinflammatory properties. As a model for dairy cows, 5 healthy, lactating alpine dairy goats were given 5 mL of Phyto-Mast per udder half. For 10 d following treatment, we analyzed blood and milk samples for thymol residues using GC-MS. The GC-MS assay was very sensitive for thymol detection, to a concentration of 0.01 μg/mL in plasma. Using thymol as a marker, Phyto-Mast was detectable and quantifiable in plasma beginning with the 15-min posttreatment sample, but was no longer detectable in the 4-h posttreatment sample. Thymol residues were only detected in the 12-h posttreatment milk sample. An inflammatory response was not evident in the udder following phytoceutical administration. Although this study provides information about the elimination of thymol, the product contains several other active chemicals, which may have different pharmacokinetic behaviors. Further analysis and additional study animals will help to determine a milk withholding time for Phyto-Mast. Given the recent growth of the organic dairy industry, understanding the pharmacokinetics of therapeutics used in organic production and developing accurate withholding recommendations will help to ensure milk safety.

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Depletion of Antibiotics from the Mammary Gland of Goats

Cited by 11 publications

References 4 publications

Serum pharmacokinetics and tissue and milk residues of oxytetracycline in goats following a single intramuscular injection of a long‐acting preparation and milk residues following a single subcutaneous injection

Serum pharmacokinetics and tissue and milk residues of oxytetracycline in goats following a single intramuscular injection of a long‐acting preparation and milk residues following a single subcutaneous injection

Factors affecting somatic cell count in dairy goats: a review

Hot topic: Milk and plasma disposition of thymol following intramammary administration of a phytoceutical mastitis treatment

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