Depletion of fossil fuels and anthropogenic climate change—A review

Höök, Mikael; Tang, Xu

doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.10.046

Cited by 1,367 publications

(599 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…Global dependence on fossil fuels has resulted in emissions that contribute to global warming (Höök & Tang, 2013). Petroleum-based fuels lead to the emission of polluting gases such as CO2, HC, NOx and SOx (Borugadda & Goud, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel from Three Microalgae Transesterification Processes using Different Homogenous Catalysts

Cercado¹,

Ballesteros²,

Capareda³

2018

IJTech

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Biodiesel was produced using three different alkali catalysts, namely KOH, NaOH and LiOH. The aim of the study was to determine which of these is the most effective as far as Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) yield is concerned in producing biodiesel from microalgae. Three different transesterification processes were considered; conventional, microwave-assisted and ultrasound-assisted. The study was able to show that NaOH and KOH generated far better FAME values compared to LiOH in all three transesterification processes. The introduction of microwave or ultrasound in the transesterification slightly increased the FAME yield by 5% and cut the reaction time by 50%. The best FAME yield was attained when the optimum process parameters were a methanol to oil ratio of 12:1; a catalyst load of 2% for NaOH and 3% for KOH; a reaction time of 12 minutes; and a microwave output power rate of 600 watts.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel from Three Microalgae Transesterification Processes using Different Homogenous Catalysts

Cercado¹,

Ballesteros²,

Capareda³

2018

IJTech

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“…Dessa forma, é importante entender que o setor energético e o problema das alterações antrópicas do clima estão fortemente ligados e precisam ser tratados como dois desafios entrelaçados. 61 O carvão, gás natural e gás de xisto certamente terão um papel importante nos cenários futuros de energia, mas estes serão modulados pelas fortes pressões ambientais contrárias ao seu uso (Cenário 450), em todo o mundo. De fato, já estão surgindo propostas radicais, como a feita por John Tidwell em um evento sobre mudanças climáticas, segundo as quais o que realmente tem de ser feito com os combustíveis fósseis é deixá-los em repouso, por mais alguns milhões de anos, para evitar o agravamento das mudanças climáticas.…”

Section: Mudanças Climáticasunclassified

Química Sem Fronteiras: o desafio da energia

Rocha

Andrade

Guarieiro³

et al. 2013

Quím. Nova

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Recebido em 25/7/13; aceito em 21/10/13; publicado na web em 01/11/2013 CHEMISTRY WITHOUT BORDERS: THE ENERGY CHALLENGES. Coal, natural gas and petroleum-based liquid fuels are still the most widely used energy sources in modern society. The current scenario contrasts with the foreseen shortage of petroleum that was spread out in the beginning of the XXI century, when the concept of "energy security" emerged as an urgent agenda to ensure a good balance between energy supply and demand. Much beyond protecting refineries and oil ducts from terrorist attacks, these issues soon developed to a portfolio of measures related to process sustainability, involving at least three fundamental dimensions: (a) the need for technological breakthroughs to improve energy production worldwide; (b) the improvement of energy efficiency in all sectors of modern society; and (c) the increase of the social perception that education is a key-word towards a better use of our energy resources. Together with these technological, economic or social issues, "energy security" is also strongly influenced by environmental issues involving greenhouse gas emissions, loss of biodiversity in environmentally sensitive areas, pollution and poor solid waste management. For these and other reasons, the implementation of more sustainable practices in our currently available industrial facilities and the search for alternative energy sources that could partly replace the fossil fuels became a major priority throughout the world. Regarding fossil fuels, the main technological bottlenecks are related to the exploitation of less accessible petroleum resources such as those in the pre-salt layer, ranging from the proper characterization of these deep-water oil reservoirs, the development of lighter and more efficient equipment for both exploration and exploitation, the optimization of the drilling techniques, the achievement of further improvements in production yields and the establishment of specialized training programs for the technical staff. The production of natural gas from shale is also emerging in several countries but its production in large scale has several problems ranging from the unavoidable environmental impact of shale mining as well as to the bad consequences of its large scale exploitation in the past. The large scale use of coal has similar environmental problems, which are aggravated by difficulties in its proper characterization. Also, the mitigation of harmful gases and particulate matter that are released as a result of combustion is still depending on the development of new gas cleaning technologies including more efficient catalysts to improve its emission profile. On the other hand, biofuels are still struggling to fulfill their role in reducing our high dependence on fossil fuels. Fatty acid alkyl esters (biodiesel) from vegetable oils and ethanol from cane sucrose and corn starch are mature technologies whose market share is partially limited by the availability of their raw materials. For this reason, there has been a great ef...

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“…Qudrat-Ullah and Karakul [24], the model used demand, price, investment-decision and environmental sub-sectors. The main driver of the model-electricity price-was modelled as follows in Equation (1).…”

Section: Policy Assessment Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Energy planning has been classified as a complex issue due to its interaction with other sectors of the society [1]. These interactions include production, demand, technology, fuel security, affordability and environmental concerns.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%