Deposit from a Giant Wave on the Island of Lanai, Hawaii

Abstract

Limestone-bearing gravel, the newly named Hulopoe Gravel, blankets the coastal slopes on Lanai. The deposit, which reaches a maximum altitude of 326 meters, formerly was believed to have been deposited along several different ancient marine strandlines, but dated submerged coral reefs and tide-gauge measurements indicate that the southeastern Hawaiian Islands sink so fast that former worldwide high stands of the sea now lie beneath local sea level. Evidence indicates that the Hulopoe Gravel and similar deposits on nearby islands were deposited during the Pleistocene by a giant wave generated by a submarine landslide on a sea scarp south of Lanai.

Submarine landslides: Selected studies in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone

“…A fast-moving submarine. landslide of this size would displace enormous volumes of sea water and probably produced large surface waves even more destructive than the wave recorded on Lanai (Moore and Moore, 1984) that' was presumably caused by the smaller Alika phase-2 event (table 1).…”

“…Landslide ages also can be tied to ~ates of coral-reef fragments that apparently were deposited on subaerial slopes of adjacent islands by giant waves initiated by landslide movement. Moore and Moore (1984) report coral debris as high as 326 m above sea level on the island of Lanai that is probably related to the Alika phase-2 debris avalanche. Additional information on landslide ages may come from the deep-sea sedimentary record, both by examination of sediment atop the landslide debris and by identifying perturbations in the sediment stratigraphy beyond the landslide toes that may reflect currents initiated by the mass failures.…”

“…sea waves). that might be produced (Moore and Moore, 1984) and the potential loss of land. Both_small mass failures, however, such as those caused by the collapse of lava delta.s formed where lava from sustained eruptions flows into the sea, and mid-size slope failures, such as the Papa'u and Loihi landslides ( fig.…”

Mauke, Mitiaro and Atiu: geomorphology of Makatea Islands in the southern Cooks

“…We have no data on the age of these boulders, but they are not conspicuously eroded and none of them stands on erosional pedestals. They have presumably been entrained and carried inland by storm waves during hurricanes or other extreme events: Moore and Moore (1984) have recorded boulders of coral up to 1 m in maximum dimension at elevations up to 326 m on Lanai, Hawaii, which they suggest were deposited by giant waves generated by submarine landslides. Blocks up to 6 m high on the reef flat at Rangiroa Atoll, Tuamotus, described by Stoddart (1969), have been ascribed by him to hurricanes, and by Bourrouilh-Le Jan and Talandier (1985) to either hurricanes or tsunamis.…”

地層中に存在する古津波堆積物の調査

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