“…For instance, there is evidence that the market adjusts accounting numbers when calculating leverage ratios (e.g., Blankespoor et al, 2013) and the market pricing of Level 3 fair values is not consistent with the view that investors naively interpret the numbers (e.g., Song et al, 2010). Fourth, and perhaps most importantly, government guarantees and implicit bailout expectations impede market discipline (e.g., Martinez-Peria and Schmukler, 2001;Demirgüc-Kunt and Huizinga, 2004;Martin et al, 2018). For disclosure to facilitate market discipline, investors need incentives to act upon the information.…”